17.________ can convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes.
(A) Gene amplifications
(B) Retroviral insertions
(C) Chromosomal translocations
(D) Missense mutations
(E) All of these choices are correct

13. Which sequence of events CORRECTLY describes the initiation and elongation steps of translation in prokaryotic cells?(1) initiator tRNA binds start codon on mRNA(2) small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA(3) large ribosomal subunit binds(4) tRNA entry and peptidyl transfer reaction(5) translocation of ribosome and release of tRNA(A) 1,2,3,4,5(B) 1,2,3,5,4(C) 1,3,2,4,5(D) 2,3,1,5,4(E) 2,1,3,4,5

14. Genes organized into an operon are beneficial to certain bacteria because the operon allows for (A) differential regulation of individual genes that encode proteins with a common function. (B) coordinated regulation of a group of genes that encode proteins with a common function. (C) separate regulation of individual genes that encode proteins with different functions. (D) coordinated regulation of a group of genes that encode proteins with different functions. (E) coordinated regulation of a group of proteins involved in numerous cellular activities.

15. DNA methylation (A) increases transcription. (B) inhibits transcription. (C) increases crossover events. (D) decreases crossover events. (E) increases post-translational modification of proteins.

16. A researcher determined that a strain of E. coli is producing a shortened version of a protein required for glucose metabolism. What type of mutation could be responsible for this shorter than normal protein? (A) nonsense mutation (B) missense mutation (C) silent mutation (D) sense mutation (E) frameshift mutation

18. Which of the following is NOT a checkpoint that controls the progression of the cell cycle? (A) Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases are proteins that are responsible for advancing a cell through the phases of the cell cycle. (B) The G2 checkpoint checks for DNA damage and determines if all of the DNA is replicated. (C) The metaphase checkpoint determines if all chromosomes are attached to the spindle apparatus. (D) Cytokinesis involves the formation of cleavage furrow to separate the cells. (E) The restriction point determines if conditions are favorable for cell division and if the DNA is undamaged.

19.Which of the following statements regarding the differences between mitosis and meiosis is false? (A) In meiosis four daughter cells are produced, whereas in mitosis two daughter cells are produced. (B) Cells produced by mitosis are normally diploid, whereas cells produced by meiosis are normally haploid. (C) In mitosis cytokinesis occurs once, whereas in meiosis cytokinesis occurs twice. (D) Crossing over is a phenomenon that happens only in meiosis. (E) In mitosis the chromosomes replicate only once, whereas in meiosis the chromosomes replicate twice.

20. Type 1 fucosidosis is a rare buman disease. Patients cannot hydrolyze the disaccharide fucose, and as a result have severe neurological decline and die by age 6. The disease is due to a defect in the gene that encodes the lysosomal enzyme that breaks down fucose (α-1-fucosidase), and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Jane and John have a child who has Type 1 fucosidosis. What is the probability that their next two children will all NOT have the disease? (A) None (all of their children will have the disease) (B) 1/2 (C) 3/4 (D) 1/8 (E) 9/16

21. If the recombination frequency between gene A and B is 10 out of 100 offspring, gene A and C is 30 out of 100 offspring, and gene B and C is 40 out of 100 offspring, what is the location of these genes in relation to each other on a chromosome? (A) CAB (B) BAC (C) ABC (D) CBA (E) either CAB or BAC

22. Which of the following phrases INCORRECTLY finishes this statement? Stem cells (A) can undergo mitosis. (B) can differentiate into more than one type of specialized cell. (C) vary in their potency. (D) are only found in embryos. (E) can sometimes only differentiate into one cell type.

23. Survivin is an apoptosis inhibitor in humans. If the survivin gene is mutated so that it produces too much of the survivin protein, which of the following would be the most likely effect on limb formation? (A) Mitosis of the limb bud cells would not occur. (B) Cells would not migrate to their correct position. (C) Cell determination would not occur. (D) Cell differentiation would not occur. (E) Webbing between digits would not be removed.