18. Sorting of protein to mitochondria and chloroplasts is
(A)co-translational.
(B) post-translational.
(C) pre-translational.

14. Which of the following is not required for both DNA replication and RNA transcription? (A) DNA (B) primers (C) RNA (D) proteins

15. Proximity-ligation assays are used to detect a specific (A) DNA. (B) RNA. (C) protein-protein interaction. (D) carbohydrate.

複選題16. Which method(s) can be used to functionally inactivate a gene without altering its sequence? (A) gene knockout (B) CRISPR (C) RNA interference (D) dominant negative mutation (E) C and D

17. Which of the following is not a mobile DNA element? (A) transposon (B) long terminal repeats (LTR) (C) long interspersed elements (LINES) (D) insertion sequence (IS) elements

19. Open reading frame (ORF) analysis is not effective in identifying genes in higher eukaryotes because of the presence of (A) promoters. (B) enhancers. (C) introns. (D) repetitious DNA.

20. All of the following can be found in chromatin except (A) DNA. (B) histones. (C) RNA. (D) transcription factors.

21. Telomeres (A) consist of repetitive sequences with high G content. (B) are a few hundred base-pairs long in vertebrates. (C) have specific proteins bound at the DNA ends. (D) A and C (E) All of the above

22. Which of the following sequential order for the secretory pathway is false? (A)Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisternae →  secretory vesicles. (B) Rough ER → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisternae → Mitochondria. (C) Plasma membrane →  Early endosome → Late endosome → Lysosome. (D)Rough ER → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisterae →  Late endosome →  Lysosome.

23. Most eukaryotic genes are controlled at the level of (A) transcription initiation. (B) transcription elongation. (C) transcription termination. (D) translation initiation.

24. An enhancer (A)is a protein that binds to RNA polymerase and stimulates transcription. (B) interacts with repressor proteins to enhance transcriptional repression. (C) binds to RNA polymerase and stimulates transcription. (D) is a DNA element that increases transcription.