19. Open reading frame (ORF) analysis is not effective in identifying genes in higher eukaryotes because of the presence of
(A) promoters.
(B) enhancers.
(C) introns.
(D) repetitious DNA.

15. Proximity-ligation assays are used to detect a specific (A) DNA. (B) RNA. (C) protein-protein interaction. (D) carbohydrate.

複選題16. Which method(s) can be used to functionally inactivate a gene without altering its sequence? (A) gene knockout (B) CRISPR (C) RNA interference (D) dominant negative mutation (E) C and D

17. Which of the following is not a mobile DNA element? (A) transposon (B) long terminal repeats (LTR) (C) long interspersed elements (LINES) (D) insertion sequence (IS) elements

18. Sorting of protein to mitochondria and chloroplasts is (A)co-translational. (B) post-translational. (C) pre-translational.

20. All of the following can be found in chromatin except (A) DNA. (B) histones. (C) RNA. (D) transcription factors.

21. Telomeres (A) consist of repetitive sequences with high G content. (B) are a few hundred base-pairs long in vertebrates. (C) have specific proteins bound at the DNA ends. (D) A and C (E) All of the above

22. Which of the following sequential order for the secretory pathway is false? (A)Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisternae →  secretory vesicles. (B) Rough ER → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisternae → Mitochondria. (C) Plasma membrane →  Early endosome → Late endosome → Lysosome. (D)Rough ER → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisterae →  Late endosome →  Lysosome.

23. Most eukaryotic genes are controlled at the level of (A) transcription initiation. (B) transcription elongation. (C) transcription termination. (D) translation initiation.

24. An enhancer (A)is a protein that binds to RNA polymerase and stimulates transcription. (B) interacts with repressor proteins to enhance transcriptional repression. (C) binds to RNA polymerase and stimulates transcription. (D) is a DNA element that increases transcription.

25. Which of the following sequences functions as a promoter for transctiption? (A) TATA box. (B) initiator. (C) CpG islands. (D) all of the above (E) none of the above