18. The Fermat's principle can be used to derive which of following laws:
(A) linear path of light in vacuum
(B) law of reflection
(C) law of diffraction
(D) Snell's law of refraction
(E) law of black body radiation

11. Parallel light rays cross interfaces from medium 1 into medium 2 and then into medium 3. What is the correct relation of the index of refraction of these media? (A)  n1 ＞ n2 ＞ n3  (B) n3 ＞ n2 ＞ n1  (C)  n2 ＞ n3 ＞ n1 (D)  n1 ＞ n3 ＞ n2  (E) none of the above

12. A conducting spherical shell of inner radius a = 0.2 m and outer radius b = 0.25 m has a total charge of 5.0 μC on its surface. A point charge of -6.0 μC is placed at the center of the shell. Determine correct item for the electric field E in the regions: (A) a ＜ r , E = 1.0μC/(4πεor2) (B) a ＜ r ＜ b , E = 0 (C) r ＞ b , E = 6.0μC/(4πεor2) C/(4\pi\varepsilon_0 r^2) \)

13. Condition same as above, determine the charge \( q_a \) and \( q_b \) on the inner and outer surface of the conducting spherical shell. (A) qa = -1.0μC  (B)  qb = +6.0μC (C) qa = +6.0μC (D)  qb = -6.0μC

14. Which following statement regarding the electric field or potential is correct? (A) The electric field at a short distance above a single plane, with uniform surface charge density σ, has the magnitude E =σ/ε0, where ε0 is permeability in air. (B) The electric field at any point between two parallel infinite conducting plates, each with uniform surface charge density σ, has the magnitude E =σ2/ε0. (C) The electric field at any point outside two parallel infinite conducting plates, each with uniform surface charge density σ, has the magnitude E = 0. (D) The electric potential at any point between two parallel infinite conducting plates, each with uniform surface charge density σ, has constant value.

16. A loop connected with an AC current, to produce a time varying magnetic field to another loop, called induction loop. The induction loop can be made of plastic or copper. In which of the loops (same area) is the induced voltage greater? (A) the plastic loop (B) the copper loop (C) voltage is same in both case (D) can not be determined

7. An initially uncharged capacitor C is connected in series with resistor R. This combination is then connected to a battery of emf V0. Sufficient time elapses so that a steady state is reached. Which of the following statements is NOT true? (A) the time constant is independent of V0 (B) the final charge on C is independent of R (C) the total energy dissipated by R is independent of R (D) the total energy dissipated by R is independent of Vo (E) the initial current (just after the battery was connected) is independent of C

6. Choose the correct statement concerning electric fields : (A) lines of may cross (B) an electric dipole never experiences a torque due to (C) an electric dipole experiences a net force due to a uniformfield (D) a point charge q, released from rest, will move along a line of field (E) none of these

5. The "Principle of Equipartition of Energy" states that the energy of a gas is shared equally: (A) among the molecules (B) between kinetic and potential energy (C) among the relevant degrees of freedom (D) between translational and vibrational kinetic energy (E) between heat and work

4. A small satellite is in elliptical orbit around the earth as shown. If L denotes angular momentum and K denotes kinetic energy, which of the following statement is correct? (A) LB ＞ LA and KB ＞ KA (B) LB ＞ LA and KB = KA (C) LB = LA and KB = К(D) LB＜ LA and KB = KA (E) LB = LA and KB ＞ КA 

3. Young's modulus is a proportionality constant that relates the force per unit area applied perpendicularly at the surface end of an object to: (A) the shear (B) the fractional change in volume (C) the fractional change in length (D) the pressure (E) the spring constant

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