18. Which of the following four fatty acids has the lowest melting point?
(A) CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH
(B) CH₃(CH₂)₂₀COOH
(C) CH₃(CH₂)₅CH=CH(CH₂)₇COOH
(D) CH₃CH₂(CH=CHCH₂)₅(CH₂)₂COOH

複選題19 What type of receptor is the Acetylcholine receptor (AchR)? (A) Ion channel receptor (B) G-protein coupled receptor (C) Enzyme-linked receptor (D) Nuclear receptor

20. Which of the following best describes the function of the transducer in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling? (A) G protein binds to extracellular ligands and triggers a conformational change in the GPCR (B) G protein catalyzes the conversion of GTP to GDP, which in turn activates downstream effectors (C) G protein couples the activated GPCR to downstream effector proteins, such as ion channels or enzymes (D) G protein acts as an intracellular signaling molecule that mediates the effects of GPCR activation on gene expression

21. Which of the following statements about insulin is correct? (A) Insulin binds to its receptor on liver and muscle cells, which activates a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of glucose transporters (GLUT4) and enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis (B) Insulin activates glycogen phosphorylase, which breaks down glycogen into glucose and promotes its uptake by cells (C) Insulin inhibits the activity of glucagon, which promotes glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake in liver and muscle cells (D) Insulin binds to its receptor on adipose cells, which activates a signaling cascade that leads to the uptake of glucose and its storage as glycogen in liver and muscle cells

22. Which of the following statements about the Ras protein is true? (A) It is a tumor suppressor gene that helps prevent the development of cancer (B) It is a proto-oncogene that can become mutated and promote cancer development (C) It is involved in DNA repair and helps maintain genomic stability (D) It is a viral gene that is incorporated into the host genome and causes cancer

23. Which of the following is true about ATP synthesis by F1F0 ATPase (A) The Fi subunit is responsible for catalyzing ATP synthesis using ADP as the precursor (B) ATP synthesis is driven by the electron motive force generated by the electron transport chain (C) The Fi subunit pumps protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane (D) ATP synthesis occurs in the mitochondrial outer membrane

24. Which of the following is a common second messenger in signal transduction pathways? (A) Epinephrin (B) Inositol triphosphate (C) GABA (D) Acetylcholine

25. What is the function of nuclear receptors (A) To bind to steroid hormones in the nucleus and promote the transcription of specific genes (B) To bind to specific neurotransmitters and initiate a signaling cascade (C) To bind to cytokines on nucleus membrane and regulate the gene expression (D) To transport extracellular signaling molecules into the nucleus

26. Which one of the following molecules containing a glycosidic bond? (A)β-D-galactosamine. (B) methyl-B-D-glucoside. (C) 2-deoxy-a-D-ribose. (D) β-D-glucose-6-phosphate. (E) a-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

27.The statements below for 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) are correct EXCEPT: (A) erythrocytes typically have high levels of 2,3-BPG. (B) 2,3-BPG is synthesized from 1,3-BPG. (C) a kinase converts 2,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate. (D) 2,3-BPG is involved in unloading oxygen from hemoglobin. (E) bisphosphoglycerate mutase is an isomerase.

28. Which one of the glycolytic enzymes below generates a mixed anhydride from phosphoric acid? (A) enolase. (B) phosphofructokinase. (C) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (D) phosphoglycerate kinase. (E) aldolase.

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