19. If a loss of function mutation was found in the 5'UTR of a gene, what would be the most likely effect of this mutation?
(A) A truncated protein was made from this gene
(B) The levels of protein encoded by this gene was reduced significantly
(C) The mRNA level of this gene was increased
(D) The upstream gene was not expressed

29. DNase footprinting is usually used to: (A) determine the sequence of DNA fragment (B) locate a protein binding site in a DNA fragment (C) locate the 5'-end of a DNA fragment (D) locate the 3'-end of a DNA fragment

30. Which of the followings can not help you discover a tumor suppressor gene? (A) Cell transformation assay using NIH-3T3 cells transfected with random DNA fragments from human cancer cells. (B) Positional cloning of the genes causing rare familial cancers (C) Defining chromosomal locations commonly deleted in tumor cells (D) Testing tumors for mutations in genes known to be involved in cell cycle regulation.

31. The primary RNA transcript of the chicken ovalbumin gene is 7700 nucleotides long, but the mature mRNA that is translated on the ribosome is 1872 nucleotides long. This size difference occurs primarily as a result of: (A) capping (B) cleavage of polycistronic mRNA (C) removal of poly A tails (D) splicing

32. RNAs that catalyze biological reactions, such as self-splicing introns, are known as: (A) enzymes (B) spliceosomes (C) ribozymes (D) lariats

33. Which statement is not true about nucleic acid hybridization? (A) it depends on complementary base pairing (B) a polysaccharide can hybridize with a DNA strand (C) a DNA strand can hybridize with another DNA strand (D) an RNA strand can hybridize with a DNA strand

34. Promoters for eukaryotic mRNA synthesis: (A) are more complex than prokaryotic promoters (B) can require binding of multiple transcription factors to form a transcription complex (C) have specific DNA sequences such as the "TATA" box that are recognized by proteins (D) all of the above

35. mRNA will form hybrids only with the coding strand of DNA because: (A) DNA will not reanneal at high temperatures (B) the salt concentration will affect DNA reannealing (C) DNA will not reanneal at low temperatures (D) RNA:DNA hybridization follows the base-pairing rules

36. Which of the followings is not involved in regulating the synthesis of RNA in the eukaryotic nucleus? (A) active genes in euchromatin, and inactive genes in heterochromatin (B) amplification of some genes such as rRNA genes (C) use of different RNA polymerases to transcribe different classes of RNA (D) spliceosomes that stimulate synthesis of intron-containing hnRNAS

37. Which of the followings best describes the complete sequence of steps occurring during every cycle of PCR? 1. The primers hybridize to the target DNA.  2. The mixture is heated to a high temperature to denature the double-stranded target DNA. 3. Fresh DNA polymerase is added. 4. DNA polymerase extends the primers to make a copy of the target DNA. (A) 2, 1, 4 (B) 1, 3, 2, 4 (C) 3, 4, 1, 2 (D) 3, 4, 2

38. Which of the followings is used to make complementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA? (A) restriction enzymes (B) gene cloning (C) DNA ligase (D) reverse transcriptase

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