19. Which description is CORRECT for exosomes (vesicles)?

1. Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles

2. Contain RNA and proteins

3. Transfer molecules from one cell to another cell

4. Are produced in the endosomal compartment

5. Contain metabolites 

6. The diameter is typically below 100 nm
(A) 1, 2,3,4
(B) 1,2,3,4,5
(C) 1,2,3,4,5,6
(D) 1,2
(E) 1,2.3

15. Which statement of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaces short palindromic repeats) is INCORRECT? (A) CRISPR are DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms (B) Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences known as CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to edit genes (C) CRISPR are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophage genome (D) CRISPR are DNA sequences found in mammalian cells (E) CRISPR play a key role in antiviral defense system

16. A mutation that changes a serine codon to a stop codon is called a ________. (A) Missense mutation (B) Silence mutation (C) Nonsense mutation (D) Frameshift mutation (E) Suppressor mutation

複選題17. Which can be determined by NGS (next generation sequencing)? 1. Genomic DNA sequence 2. Expression of non-coding RNA 3. DNA methylation 4. Histone modification 5. Chromosome conformation 6. Protein structure (A) 1,2,3,4 (B) 1,2,3,4,5 (C) 1,2,3,4,5.6 (D) 1,2 (E) 1,2,3

18. Which of the following can be determined by Western blotting (PAGE)? 1. Protein size 2. The amount of proteins  3. The presence of particular proteins 4. Enzyme activity 5. Interaction of protein and DNA 6. Protein structure (A) 1, 2,3,4 (B) 1,2,3,4,5 (C) 1,2,3,4,5,6 (D) 1,2 (E) 1.2,3

20. Most protein kinases transfer phosphate groups to which amino acid(s)? 1. Glutamate  2. Threonine 3. Serine  4. Tyrosine  5. Lysine  6. Arginine (A) 1,2,3,4 (B) 2,3,5 (C) 1,2,3 (D)2.3.4 (E) 1,2,6

21. Following a nerve impulse, what triggers the opening of plasma membrane voltage-gated Ca2+ channels? (A) Membrane hyperpolarization (B) Endocytosis (C) Membrane depolarization (D) Membrane potential becomes more negative (E) Binding of glucose

22. Which description is INCORRECT for oncogene? (A) A gene that has potential to cause cancer (B) RAS and MYC are oncogenes (C) BRCA1 and p53 are oncogenes (D) The pro-oncogene can become an oncogene by a small modification of its original function. (E) Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help cell proliferation

23. Which description is CORRECT for DNA double-strand break? 1. It can induce non-homologous end joining repair 2. It can induce homologous recombination 3. It involves in VDJ recombination, the process that generates diversity on T cell receptors 4. Massive DNA double-strand breaks can lead to cell death 5. It induces H2AX phosphorylation (A) 1,2,3,4 (B) 2.3,5 (C) 1,2,3 (D) 1,3,4 (E) 1,2,3,4,5,6

24. Which methods can analyze the interaction of DNA and proteins? 1. EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) 2. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation  3. Yeast two-hybrid system 4. ChIP-seq 5. RNA-seq (A) 1, 2,3,4 (B) 2.3,5 (C) 1,2,3 (D) 1,2,4 (E) 1,2,3,4,5,6

25. Mullis amplified a DNA sequence from genomic DNA by polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), but he got different sizes of PCR products. Which of the following can improve the specificity? (A) Increase the melting temperate (B) Increase the amount of Taq polymerase (C) Increase the amount of dNTP (D) Increase the concentration of genomic DNA (E) Decrease the temperature of the initial denaturation step