2. Signal transduction is composed of three steps including:

(A) reception, transcription, and translation

(B) reception, translation, and response.

(C) reception, transduction, and response.

(D) reception, neurotransmission, and reaction.

(E) signal, translation, and response.

3. When a virus entm the lysogenic stage: (A) the viral DNA is rqplicated outside the host ceil. (B) it enters the host cell and kills the host immediately. (C) it enters the host cell, picks up host DNA, and leaves tiie cell unharmed. (D) it sits on the host cell plasma membrane with which it covers itself and the leaves the cell. (E) the viral DNA integrates into the host genome.

4. The region(s) in tiie antibody that recognize the specific antigen is/are located at: (A) light chain constant region. (B) light chain variable region. (C) heavy chain constant region. (D) heavy and light chain variable region. (E) heavy and light chain constant region.

5. Glial cells in the nervous system perform multitude of functions except (A) providing framework for neuron migration. (B) forming blood-hrain banier. (C) recycling neurotransmitter. (D) increasing the maximum depolarization potential of action potential. (E) removing waste produced by neurons.

6. In the fish gills: (A) blood and water flow in opposite directions. (B) blood and water flow in the same direction. (C) blood flowing in the gills reverses direction with every heartbeat (D) water flowing over the glls reverses direction whh every inhalation. (E) blood and water are separated by a thick polysaccharide barrier.

7. Which of the following descriptions best demonstrates the term "saltatoiy conduction"? (A) It inhibits direct neurotransmitter release. (B) It transmits the action potential at the nodes of Ranvier and tiius speeds up impulses on myelinated axons. (C) It increases neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic membrane. (D) It decreases neurotransmitter uptake at chemically gated postsynaptic channels. (E) It removes neurotransmitters from tire synaptic cleft

8. Ybu are able to resist inaction by a specific pathogen after being vaccinated against it. This is an example of: (A) innate immunity. (B) an allergy. (C) a response with defensins. (D) an autoimmune reaction. (E) immunolo^cal memory.

9. All of the following are essential nutrients in humans except: (A) vitamin B. (B) calcium. (C) glycogen. (D) linoleic acid. (E) vitamin K.

10. Which of the following is true soon after a meal? (A) Both glucagon and insulin are released. (B) The total amount of insulin in the blood decreases. (C) Glucagon is released but not insulin. (D) Neither glucagon nor insulin is released. (E) Insulin is released but not glucagon.

11. Ovulation is the response of the matured fbllicle(s) to a burst secretion of (A) estrogen. (B)luteinizing hormone. (C) progesterone. (D) prolactin. (E) oxytocin.

12. The perception of die sound pitch is mediated by (A) tiie generation of the waves in the cochlear fluid by the specific corresponding region of the oval window. (B) the vibration of the specific conesponding part on the tympanic membrane. (C) the vibration of the specific corresponding region on the basilar membrane. (D) the sequence of sound wave traveling through the auditory ossicles. (E) the music training of listeners.

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