2. Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
(A) the endoplasmic reticulum
(B) the Golgi apparatus
(C) mitochondria
(D) the lysosome
(E) membrane-bound ribosomes

1. Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? (A) mitochondrion (B) lysosome (C) endoplasmic reticulum (D) Golgi apparatus (E) ribosome

57. Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? (A) the endoplasmic reticulum (B) the Golgi apparatus (C) the lysosome (D) mitochondria (E) membrane-bound ribosomes

3. Which of the following statements about histone modification is NOT correct? (A) Histone modifications change gene expression patterns without altering the actual nucleotide sequence of the DNA. (B) The addition of methyl groups to histone tails always leads to the immediate activation of the nearby gene by opening the chromatin structure. (C) Acetylation of histone tails generally neutralizes their positive charge, loosening the bond between histones and DNA to make the template more accessible for transcription. (D) Histone modifications occur primarily on the flexible N-terminal "tails" of the histone proteins that protrude outward from the core of the nucleosome. (E) Certain histone modifications can be inherited by daughter cells during mitosis, allowing a specific cell type to maintain its identity through successive cell divisions.

4. Saffron is a spice that is derived from parts of the flower of the saffron crocus. Saffron contains a disaccharide called gentiobiose. The molecular mass of each of the monosaccharide in gentiobiose is 180. The molecular mass of the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 12, 1, and 16, respectively. Which is the molecular mass of gentiobiose? (A) 144 (B) 162 (C) 342 (D) 360 (E) 388

5. __________ in the circulatory system typically operate under lower internal pressure, carry blood toward the heart, contain valves that prevent backflow, and have relatively thin walls with relatively less smooth muscle and elastic tissue. (A) Arteries (B) Veins (C) Capillaries (D) Lymphatic vessels (E) Arterioles

6. Which products are the net effect of photosynthesis? (A) Carbon dioxide and carbohydrates (B) Carbon dioxide and protein (C) Carbon dioxide and ATP (D) Oxygen and ADP (E) Oxygen and carbohydrates

7. The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells? (A) rough ER (B) smooth ER (C) Golgi apparatus (D) transport vesicles (E) nuclear envelope

8. What is saltatory conduction? (A) conduction of impulses across electrical synapses (B) an action potential that skips the axon hillock in moving from the dendritic region to the axon terminal (C) rapid movement of an action potential reverberating back and forth along a neuron (D) jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next in a myelinated neuron (E) jumping from one neuron to an adjacent neuron

9. Which organelle in the following is composed of an extensive network of membrane-bounded tubules and sacs, and when it malfunctions, results in the accumulation of misfolded proteins within cells, which has been found as a key driver in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases? (A) ribosome (B) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (C) Golgi apparatus (D) lysosome (E) mitochondria

10. The following items are events in a typical signaling pathway: (1) An activated transcription factor translocates into the nucleus. (2) A growth factor binds to its receptor. (3) Transcription of a specific gene is initiated. (4) A kinase cascade is triggered. In what sequence does the signaling pathway proceed? (A) (1) → (2) → (4) → (3) (B) (2) → (3) → (1) → (4) (C) (2) → (4) → (1) → (3) (D) (3) → (1) → (4) → (2) (E) (1) → (3) → (4) → (2)

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