25. A precursor in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls is UDP-:
(A) galactose.
(B) glucose.
(C) glucuronic acid.
(D) N-acetylglucosamine.
(E) penicillin. 

1. Chemolithoautotroph means (A) energy source: light; carbon source: CO2. (B) energy source: inorganic chemicals; carbon source: CO2. (C) energy source: light; carbon source; organic compounds. (D) energy source: organic compounds; carbon source: organic compounds. (E) energy source: inorganic chemicals; carbon source: inorganic chemicals.

2. Which of the following is NOT a force that changes gene frequencies for populations? (A) mutation. (B) random genetic drift. (C) migration. (D) genome size. (E) natural selection.

3. "Which of following characteristics can distinguish protostome from deuterostome development? (A) spiral cleavage. (B) coelom formation. (C) fate of the blastopore. (D) A and B. (E) A, Band C.

4. In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop, is called (A) antheridium. (B) archegonium. (C) sporangium. (D) angiosperrns. (E) gametophore.

5. What do budding and fragmentation have in common? (A) Both are types of asexual reproduction. (B) Both produce large numbers of offspring. (C) Both occur in sea stars. (D) Both involve mitosis. (E) Both A and D.

6. Which of the following is INCORRECTLY paired? (A) hair cell-mechanoreceptor. (B) muscle spindle-mechanoreceptor. (C) gustatory receptor-chemoreceptor. (D) cone cell-photoreceptor. (E) pacinian corpuscles-chemoreceptor.

7. Which of the following statements concerning the components of ATP synthase on inner membrane of themitochondrion is FALSE? (A) A rotor within the membrane spins clockwise when H+ flows past it down the H+ gradient. (B) A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary. (C) A rod extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob. (D) A rod as a channel is used to drive the transport of ATP molecules against a concentration gradient. (E) The catalytic sites in the stationary knob join inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP.

8. What is the reason for fluid being forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriole end? (A) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. (B) The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. (C) The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood. (D) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. (E) The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.

9. Which of the following is a correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant reproduces? (A) meiosis-fertilization-ovulation -germination. (B) fertilization-meiosis-nuclear fusion-formation of embryo and endosperm. (C) meiosis-pollination-nuclear fusion-formation of embryo and endosperm. (D) growth of pollen tube-pollination-germination-fertilization. (E) meiosis-mitosis-nuclear fusion-pollen.

10. When an illuminated rod or cone stimulates a horizontal cell, the horizontal cell inhibits more distant photoreceptors and bipolar cells that are not illuminated, making the light spot appear lighter and the dark surrounding even darker. This form of integration, called (A) horizontal inhibition. (B) horizontal amplification. (C) lateral inhibition. (D) lateral amplification. (E) cone stimulation.

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