25. The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to ________.
(A) lignin
(B) cellulose
(C) secondary compounds
(D) sporopollenin

26. A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure? (A) a guard cell (B) the root epidermis (C) the endodermis (D) the root cortex

27. A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if (A) the mineral is a micronutrient. (B) the mineral is very mobile within the plant. (C) the mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis. (D) the mineral is a macronutrient.

28. Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of _________.I) an autocrine signal II) a paracrine signal III) an endocrine signal (A) only I and II (B) only II and III (C) only I and III (D) I, II, and III

29. Which of the following statements are correct?I) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. II) Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. III) Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands. IV) Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. (A) only II and III (B) only I and III (C) only III and IV (D) only I and IV

30. Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario? (A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. (B) The total cross-sectional area of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. (C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. (D) Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.

31. A researcher adds oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthase, to actively respiring liver cells. Which of the following changes would most likely occur? (A) Oxygen consumption would increase. (B) ATP production would decrease and the proton gradient would increase. (C) ATP production would increase and the proton gradient would decrease. (D) NADH production would immediately stop.

32. Which of the following contributes to maintaining the high osmolarity of the renal medulla? I) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb II) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons III) diffusion of urea from the collecting duct IV) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle (A) All of these conditions contribute to the osmolarity of the medulla. (B) I, II, and III (C) I and IV (D) I, II, and IV

33. The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of__________. (A) the lip of the blastopore in the frog (B) the archenteron in a frog (C) the notochord in a mammal (D) neural crest cells in a mammal

34. Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions?I) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen.II) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. III) Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen. IV) Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated. (A) only I and III (B) only II and IV (C) only I, II, and IV (D) only II, III, and IV

35. In a Sanger sequencing reaction, a fluorescently labeled ddATP is incorporated into a growing DNA strand. What will happen immediately after its incorporation? (A) DNA synthesis continues normally. (B) DNA synthesis terminates because no 3' hydroxyl group is available. (C) DNA polymerase dissociates and degrades the template strand. (D) The fragment is replicated by PCR.

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