31. A researcher adds oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthase, to actively respiring liver cells. Which of the following changes would most likely occur?

(A) Oxygen consumption would increase.

(B) ATP production would decrease and the proton gradient would increase.

(C) ATP production would increase and the proton gradient would decrease.

(D) NADH production would immediately stop.

32. Which of the following contributes to maintaining the high osmolarity of the renal medulla? I) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb II) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons III) diffusion of urea from the collecting duct IV) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle (A) All of these conditions contribute to the osmolarity of the medulla. (B) I, II, and III (C) I and IV (D) I, II, and IV

33. The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of (A) the lip of the blastopore in the frog (B) the archenteron in a frog (C) the notochord in a mammal (D) neural crest cells in a mammal

34. Which of the following statements are fundamental to the clonal selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions? I) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen. II) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen, it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. III) Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen. IV) Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated. (A) only I and III (B) only II and IV (C) only I, II, and IV (D) only II, III, and IV

35. In a Sanger sequencing reaction, a fluorescently labeled ddATP is incorporated into a growing DNA strand. What will happen immediately after its incorporation? (A) DNA synthesis continues normally. (B) DNA synthesis terminates because no 3' hydroxyl group is available. (C) DNA polymerase dissociates and degrades the template strand. (D) The fragment is replicated by PCR.

36. Two species of lizards occupy the same habitat and consume similar insects. Experimental removal of one species causes the remaining species to expand its feeding range and consume a wider variety of prey. This observation provides the strongest evidence for: (A) resource partitioning (B) mutualism (C) ecological succession (D) density-independent regulation

37. A mutation causes degeneration of hair cells that respond maximally to vibrations of the stiffest region of the basilar membrane. Which auditory deficit would most likely result? (A) Loss of low-frequency hearing (B) Loss of high-frequency hearing (C) Complete deafness (D) Inability to localize sound

38. Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells. (A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs (B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface (C) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released (D) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

39. Which of the following is common to the development of birds and mammals? (A) The formation of an embryonic epiblast and hypoblast (B) The formation of an embryonic trophoblast (C) The formation of an embryonic yolk plug (D) The formation of an embryonic gray crescent

40. A researcher applies a drug that prevents neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal without affecting action potential propagation. Which change would most likely be observed in the postsynaptic cell? (A) Voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels would remain closed. (B) Ligand-gated ion channels would fail to open. (C) Resting membrane potential would become more positive. (D) Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels would remain permanently inactivated.

1. Which of the following pairs of compounds can be used to illustrate the law of multiple proportions? (A) NH₄ and NH₄Cl (B) ZnO₂ and ZnCl₂ (C) H₂O and HCl (D) NO and NO₂ (E) CH₄ and CO₂

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