25. What main compound is transported from the cytosol to the mitochondria via malate-aspartate shuttle?
(A) NADH
(B) NH₄ ⁺
(C) FADH₂
(D) O₂
(E) oxaloacetate

26. What enzyme can generate citrulline? (A) NO synthase (B) citrate dehydrogenase (C) citrate oxidase (D) citrulline synthetase (E) citrate peroxidase

27. The Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science was awarded to Dr. Feng Zhang for ________. (A) cancer immunotherapy (B) vesicular transport (C) mitochondrial fusion and fission (D) discovery of nerve growth factor (E) the development of CRISPR/Cas9 as a genome editing platform

28. What amino acid residue is required for the protein region to interact with Src homology 3 (SH3) domain? (A) serine (B) proline (C) lysine (D) arginine (E) leucine

29. Molecular chaperones assist proteins in the formation of ________. (A) aggregates (B) 3° structure (C) amide bonds (D) 1° structure (E) none of the above

30. Supercoiled DNA can be relaxed by ________. (A) catenation (B) intercalation (C) nicking one strand (D) hybridization (E) denaturation 

31. Which of the following statements about transporters is incorrect? (A) Proton pump is an electro-genic pump. (B) Transport of sodium ions and potassium ions through sodium-potassium pump is an active transport. (C) The membrane potential acts as an energy source that affects the traffic of charged substances across the membrane. (D) Facilitated diffusion is a diffusion of solutes against their gradients. (E) The transport of glucose via glucose transporter is affected by the temperature.

32. The following compounds function as neurotransmitters except ________. (A) acetylcholine (B) creatine (C) γ-aminobutyrate (D) 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) (E) glutamic acid

33. Which of the following about endocrine system is incorrect? (A) Testis is a part of endocrine system. (B) T3 and T4 are hormones derived from tyrosine. (C) The alpha cells of pancreas produce glucagon to increase the blood glucose level. (D) The heart is an endocrine organ because the cardiac cells produce atrial natriuretic peptide in response to high blood pressure. (E) Estrogen is a water-soluble hormone that regulates the female reproductive system and sex characteristics.

34. When electrons flow along the electron transport chain of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? (A) NAD+ is oxidized. (B) The pH of the matrix is increased. (C) ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. (D) The cytochrome c of the electron transport chain phosphorylates ADP to ATP. (E) The electron donor of complex I in the chain is FADH2.

35. Which of the following is a true distinction between cellular respiration and lactate fermentation? (A) NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain only in respiration. (B) Substrate-level phosphorylation is unique to lactate fermentation. (C) Only respiration oxidized glucose. (D) Respiration, but not lactate fermentation, is a catabolic pathway. (E) NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent only in respiration.

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