3. Which type of microscopy passes light directly through a stained and killed specimen?
(A) fluorescence microscopy
(B) phase-contrast microscopy
(C)bright field microscopy
(D) scanning electron microscopy

1. Excessive heat or extremes of pH often cause denaturation of proteins. The first and major effect of protein denaturation is that: (A) peptide bonds break. (B) α helices unwind. (C)β sheet structures unfold. (D) tertiary structure is changed.

複選題2. RNA differs from DNA because: (A) RNA is always single-stranded when functioning, and DNA is always double-stranded. (B) RNA may contain the pyrimidine uracil, and DNA does not. (C)RNA is more stable than DNA and is broken down less easily. (D) the pentose sugar in RNA has one less oxygen atom than the pentose sugar in DNA.

4. Trace the correct path in the endomembrane system followed by a protein, beginning with its site of synthesis in the rough ER: (A) rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi complex, plasma membrane (B) rough ER, Golgi complex, vesicle, plasma membrane (C)rough ER, vesicle, lysosome, plasma membrane (D) rough ER, vesicle, smooth ER, plasma membrane

5. The coordinated contraction of the mammalian heart is accomplished in part by the presence of _____ in heart muscle tissue that allows for communication between the cells. (A) tight junctions (B) desmosomes (C)synapses (D) gap junctions

6. Membrane sterols, such as cholesterol, function in animal cell membranes to _____. (A) increase the rate of diffusion (B) store cellular energy (C)maintain membrane fluidity (D) receive chemical signals

7. A biologist wanted to study the cellular respiration. In one experiment, she allowed a mouse to breathe air containing isotope-labeled O2. In this mouse, the labeled oxygen first showed up in: (A) ATP (B) NADH (C)CO2 (D) H2O

8. Where does photosynthesis take place in cyanobacteria? (A) plasma membrane (B) Golgi apparatus (C)cytosol (D) chloroplast

9. Many signal transduction pathways utilize second messengers to _____. (A) transport a signal through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane (B) relay a signal from the outside of the cell to the inside (C)decrease the message once the signaling molecules have left the receptor (D) relay the message from the inner surface of the plasma membrane throughout the cytoplasm

10. Contact inhibition is an important mechanism for maintaining cell growth in developed organs and tissues. As long as the cells maintain contact with each other, they remain in _____ and are prevented from dividing. (A) prophase (B) G1 (C)G2 (D) G0

11. How do cells distinguish between estrogen and testosterone? (A) Only male cells respond to testosterone and female cells respond to estrogen. (B) Estrogen is hydrophilic and binds to surface receptors, while testosterone is hydrophobic and binds to internal receptors. (C)Estrogen and testosterone have the same basic structures, but different side chains that are easily distinguished by their individual receptors. (D) Estrogen and testosterone have similar functional groups but different basic structures that are easily distinguished by their individual receptors.

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