30. What is the source of the polar head group in the formation of sphingomyelin?
(A) CDP-choline
(B) Phosphocholine
(C) Cardiolipin
(D) Phosphoserine
(E) Phosphatidylcholine

26. Fatty acids are activated to acyl-CoA, however, why the acyl group is further transferred to carnitine for β-oxidation? (A) Carnitine is required to oxidize NAD+ to NADH. (B) Acyl- CoAs easily cross the mitochondrial membrane, but the fatty acids themselves will not. (C) Acyl-carnitines readily cross the mitochondrial inner membrane, but acyl-CoAs do not. (D) Fatty acids cannot be oxidized by FAD unless they are in the acyl-carnitine form. (E) Carnitine can be oxidized to provide additional energy in mitochondria.

27. Which of the following is the building block for the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan? (A) Pyruvate (B) Phosphoenolpyruvate (C) Acetyl-CoA (D) α-Ketoglutarate (E) Ribose-5-phosphate

28. The reactions of citric acid cycle where CO2 is produced are catalyzed by ________ and ________, respectively. (A) Isocitrate dehydrogenase; Malate dehydrogenase (B) Isocitrate dehydrogenase; α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (C) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; Succinate dehydrogenase (D) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; Malate dehydrogenase (E) Succinate dehydrogenase; Malate dehydrogenase

29. Which of the following is false regarding the oxidation of 1 mole of palmitate (16:0) by the β-oxidation pathway? (A) 1 mole of ATP is needed. (B) 8 moles of acetyl-CoA are formed. (C) 8 moles of FADH2 are formed. (D) AMP and PPi are formed. (E) The reactions occur in the mitochondria.

31. Which one of the following is one kind of interspecific interaction along a food chain? (A) Competition (B) Predation (C) Parasitism (D) Mutualism (E) Positive interaction

32. Which sequence of structures through which water passes into a root is correct? (A) Guard cell, endodermis, cortex, xylem (B) Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, xylem (C) Root hair, cortex, xylem, endodermis (D) Root hair, xylem, endodermis, phloem (E) Root hair, endodermis, cortex, xylem

33. Which one of the following is most likely to produce an Taiwanese butterfly species in the wild whose members have one of two strikingly different color patterns? (A) Artificial selection (B) Directional selection (C) Stabilizing selection (D) Disruptive selection (E) Sexual selection

34. The plant growth response to touch is known as ________. (A) gravitropism (B) geotropism (C) thigmotropism (D) phototropism (E) circadian rhythm

35. Which one of the following is mismatched with its function? (A) Most B vitamins vs coenzymes (B) Vitamin E vs antioxidant (C) Vitamin K vs blood clotting (D) Phosphorus vs bone formation, nucleotide synthesis (E) Iron vs component of thyroid hormones

36. If blood was supplied to all of the body's capillaries at the same time, ________. (A) resistance to blood flow would increase (B) blood pressure would fall dramatically (C) blood would move too rapidly through the capillaries (D) the amount of blood returning to the heart would increase (E) the increased gas exchange in the lungs and in the supply of O2 to muscles would allow for strenuous exercise