31. Wood frogs freeze solid during the winter and then thaw in the spring. As the freezing progresses, blood circulation stops, which means that cells are not being served by the circulatory system. How would you expect these cells to produce ATP during this time, and what by-product would you expect to build up in these cells?
(A) aerobic respiration and CO₂
(B) fermentation and lactate
(C) fermentation and alcohol
(D) photosynthesis and O₂

27. The hormone prolactin, found in distantly related vertebrates, exerts different effect es. From an evolutionary standpoint, this is an indication that p (A) can only have functions related to childbirth. (B) is an ancient hormone whose function diversified through evolution. (C) was a recent evolutionary adaptation. (D) was not required in fish and amphibians.

28. What form of nitrogen can most plants absorb and use directly? (A) nitrite and nitrate (B) nitrate only (C) ammonium and nitrogen gas (D) nitrate and ammonium

29. Where does the majority of the net primary production go? (A) Being stored in plants after being photosynthesized (B) Being grazed by herbivores (C) Being processed by decomposers and detritivores (D) Being stored in the soil

30. If a turtle and a night heron both eat the same species of fish, what is the relationship between a turtle and a night heron? (A) predation (B) mutualism (C)parasitism (D) competition

32. Which statement regarding the flow of genetic information is FALSE? (A) Polypeptides form proteins that determine the appearance and function of the cell and organism. (B) Eukaryotic mRNA is processed in several ways before export out of the nucleus. (C) Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. (D) Ribosomes function as factories that coordinate the functioning of mRNA and tRNA.

33. Uplift and formation of a mountain range divide a freshwater snail species into two isolated populations. Erosion eventually lowers the mountain range and brings the two populations together again, but when they mate, the resulting hybrids all produce sterile young, This scenario is an example of (A) sympatric speciation. (B) allopatric speciation. (C) incomplete speciation. (D) diversifying speciation.

34. Cyanobacteria (A) are photosynthetic archaea. (B) are eukaryotes and the earliest type of algae. (C) are chemoautotrophs. (D) are the only prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis.

35. Which statement best describes the current scientific view of birds? (A) a group of feathered, endothermic dinosaurs (B) a group of feathered, ectothermic lizards that lack teeth (C) a group of flying, endothermic reptiles that have lost teeth, the amniotic. egg, and other beavy body features as an adaptation for flight (D) a group of flying mammals that are derived from monotremes, which also lay amniotic eggs

36. Which statement about blood pressure is FALSE? (A) Normal blood pressure for adult humans is usually at or below 120/80. (B) Hypertension is defined as persistent systolic pressure above 120 and/or diastolic above 80. (C) High blood pressure can lead to an enlarged and weakened heart, increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. (D) The higher number in a blood pressure reading measures the force of a heart contraction.

37. What occurs during gastrulation? (A) A solid embryo is changed into a hollow morula. (B) A solid blastula is changed into a hollow embryo with a dorsal nerve cord. (C) A hollow blastula is changed into a hollow embryo that has three tissue layers. (D) A neural tube is created by invagination of the ectoderm.