33. The chain lengths in food webs are limited by
(A) the amount of energy such as sunlight available in an ecosystem.
(B) the efficiency of energy transfers that occur between trophic levels.
(C) catastrophes.
(D) all of the above.
(E) A and B only.

1. As genetic technology makes testing for a wide variety of genotypes possible, which of the following is likely to be an increasingly troublesome issue? (A) using technology to identify genes that cause criminal behaviors. (B) discrimination against certain racial groups because of major genetic differences. (C) alteration of human phenotypes to prevent early disease. (D) the need to legislate for the protection of the privacy of genetic information. (E) use of genotype information to provide positive identification of criminals.

2. The fact that the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope has bound ribosomes allows one to most reliably conclude that (A) the nuclear envelope is physically continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. (B) the nuclear envelope is not part of the endomembrane system. (C) at least some of the proteins that function in the nuclear envelope are made by the ribosomes on the nuclear envelope. (D) nuclear pore complexes contain proteins. (E) small vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the nuclear envelope.

3. Which of the following is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold? (A) by increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane. (B) by co-transport of glucose and hydrogen. (C) by decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins in the membrane. (D) by increasing the percentage of saturated phospholipids in the membrane. (E) by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane.

4. A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? (A) The patient's red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypertonic compared to the cells. (B) The patient's red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells. (C) The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood fluid is hypertonic compared to the cells. (D) The patient's red blood cells will burst because the blood fluid is hypertonic compared to the cells. (E) It will have no unfavorable effect as long as the water is free of viruses and bacteria.

5. One successful form of gene therapy has involved delivery of an allele for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) to bone marrow cells of a child with SCID, and delivery of these engineered cells back to the bone marrow of the affected child. What is one major reason for the success of this procedure as opposed to many other efforts at gene therapy? (A) The ADA introduced allele causes all other ADA-negative cells to die. (B) The engineered cells, when reintroduced into the patient, find their way back to the bone marrow. (C) No vector is required to introduce the allele into ADA-negative cells. (D) The immune system fails to recognize cells with the variant gene. (E) The engineered bone marrow cells from this patient can be used for any other SCID patient.

6. If a person drinks a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from water toxicity. Antidiuretic hormone can help to prevent water retention through interaction with target cells in the (A) bladder. (B) urethra. (C) adrenal gland. (D) kidney. (E) anterior pituitary.

7. A researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult cells from the same tissue. Which of the following is a likely finding? (A) The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays. (B) The non-stem cells have fewer repressed genes. (C) The non-stem cells have lost the promoters for more genes. (D) The cells from the two sources exhibit different patterns of DNA methylation. (E) Adult stem cells have more DNA nucleotides than their counterparts.

8. Imagine a population of 1,000 small rodents. Of these, 250 are breeding females, 250 are breeding males, and 500 are nonbreeding juveniles. What is the effective population size? (A) 1,500 (B) 1,000 (C) 500 (D) 300 (E) 250

9. In E. coli, there is a mutation in a gene called dnaB that alters the helicase that normally acts at the origin. Which of the following would you expect as a result of this mutation? (A) Single-strand binding protein could not bind to the unwound parental strands. (B) Replication fork will be formed. (C) The DNA will supercoil. (D) Replication will occur via RNA polymerase alone. (E) Replication will require a DNA template from another source.

10. A geneticist introduces a transgene into human cells and isolates five independent cell lines in which the transgene has integrated into the human genome. In four of the lines, the transgene is expressed strongly, but in the fifth there is no expression at all. Which is a likely explanation for the lack of transgene expression in the fifth cell line? (A) The transgene was mutated during the process of integration into the host cell genome. (B) A transgene integrated into a euchromatic region of the genome. (C) A transgene integrated into a heterochromatic region of the genome. (D) The host cell lacks the enzymes necessary to express the transgene. (E) A transgene integrated into a region of the genome characterized by high histone acetylation.

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