35 下列有關「社會支持」的敘述，何者最不恰當？
(A)個人的「社會網絡（social network）」組成，例如個人是否為家庭、學校或社區的一份子，是評 估社會支持的方式之一
(B)個人主觀認知他人能否在他需要的時候，提供安慰、照護、或協助，稱為「接受到的支持（received support）」
(C)提供建議、指引方向或給予回饋，亦為一種社會支持，稱為「訊息支持（informational support）」
(D)沒有提供任何實質上的幫助，單純陪在需要的人身邊，亦為一種社會支持，稱為「陪伴支持 （companion support）」

出處：
Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2017). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions.  Ch4. STRESS, BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, AND ILLNESS-- PSYCHOSOCIAL MODIFIERS OF STRESS, p83.

--------------------------
選項A

Social support refers to comfort, caring, esteem, or help

available to a person from other people or groups (Uchino, 2004).

Support can come from many sources—the person's spouse or lover,

family, friends, physician, or community organizations.

People with social support believe they are loved, valued,

and part of a social network, such as a family or community

organization, that can help in times of need.

選項B
Social support refers to actions actually performed by others,

or received support. But it also refers to one's sense or

perception that comfort, caring, and help are available

if needed—that is, perceived support.

選項C

Informational support includes giving advice, directions,

suggestions, or feedback about how the person is doing.

選項D

Companionship support refers to the availability of others

to spend time with the person, thereby giving a feeling

of membership in a group of people who share interests

and social activities
----------------------------
補充：

情緒支持的定義

Emotional or esteem support conveys empathy, caring, concern,

positive regard, and encouragement toward the person. It gives

the person comfort and reassurance with a sense of

belongingness and of being loved in times of stress.

實質性(或工具性)支持的定義：

Tangible or instrumental support involves direct

assistance, as when people give or lend the person money

or help out with chores in times of stress.

B 是情緒支持

• Cohen＆Wills（1985）認為社會支持為四方面：1.訊息性的支持（informational support）：提供忠告、建議，並提供適當的回饋。2.工具性支持（instrumental support）：提供實質的行動或物質的幫忙。3.社會陪伴支持（social companinship）：提供社會友誼交往使人有歸屬感。4.情緒性支持（emotional support）：提供關懷、信任、關切等情緒上的支持與宣洩。
• 之後的學者將社會支持區分為結構性和功能性兩個層面，而結構性層面關於社會關係，包括配偶、親戚、鄰居和朋友維持密切的接觸；功能性是指配偶、親戚、鄰居和其他重要他人提供情緒性支持和訊息性之持、情感性或正向的回饋（Tracy,2004）。

資料來源：別人的論文