38. Which of the following amino acid biosynthesis shares the same pathway of urea cycle﹖
(A) Arginine
(B) Histidine
(C) Phenylalanine
(D) Cystine
(E) Lysine

39.Which of the following enzymes has two substrate catalytic properties? (A) uricase (B) deoxyribonuclease (C) xanthine oxidoreductase (D) xanthine oxidase (E) guanine deaminase

40. Glutathione can do all of the following reactions EXCEPT (A) trapping peroxides (B) increasing the solubility of drug (C) detoxifying endogenous compounds (D) decreasing the stability of plasma membrane in erythrocytes. (E) helping to maintain redox balance.

41. The resolution of gel filtration chromatography can be improved by_____. (A) using a long column with a slow flow rate (B) using a long column with a fast flow rate (C) using a short column with a slow flow rate (D) using a short column with a fast flow rate (E) loading a large sample volume

42. When studying post-translational modifications of proteins, researchers often use amino acid substitutions to mimic modified or unmodified protein states. Which amino acid is the most appropriate to mimic phosphoserine by mutation? (A) Thr (B) Tyr (C) Arg (D) Lys (E) Glu

43.A frameshift mutation is one that causes______ . and often changes ______ofa protein. (A) a deletion, the secondary structure (B) all of the bases downstream to shift, activity (C) all of the bases upstream to shift, the tertiary structure (D) an insertion, the primary structure (E) no change to amino acid sequence, nothing

44.Incubation of unilamellar liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid and trace amounts of phosphatidyl inositol (PI) with PLspecifc phospholipase C (PLC﹚ results in hydrolysis of PI to inositol phosphate and diacylglycerol. In the experiments, PI distributes equally between the two leaflets during the preparation of liposomes. How much PI will be hydrolyzed by Pl-specific PLC? And when an active scramblase is incorporated into the liposomes, how much PI will be hydrolyzed by Pl-specific PLC? (A) 25%; 50% (B) 50%; 0% (C) 100%; 0% (D) 50%; 100% (E) 100%; 100%

45.ClpB is an ATPase, functioning as a chloroplastic disaggregase. Biochemical characterization, including the SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography of the purified ClpB, was performed to understand this enzyme better. Which of the following statements is most likely? (A) The functional form of ClpB is a hexamer. (B) ClpB is 2 monomer in solution. (C) Mg+2 and ATP disaggregate ClpB. (D) The molecular weight ofCIpB monomer is 200 kDa. (E) In the presence of Mg+2 and ATP, CIpB displays an ordered tertiary structure.

46.Pseudouridine, a C5-glycosidic isomer of uridine, plays a critical role in the success of mRNA vaccine development. How does pseudouridine contribute to stabilizing RNA duplexes relative to uridine? (A) By reducing the formation of hydrogen bonds within RNA molecules. (B) By increasing the flexibility of RNA secondary structures. (C) By promoting the formation of additional hydrogen bonds in the RNA backbone. (D) By enhancing the base pairing and stacking. (E) By neutralizing the charge of RNA molecules.

47.What is the primary inhibition mechanism of antimycin on oxidative phosphorylation, and what are the consequences? (A) Inhibition of complex Ⅰ, leading to decreased electron transport and reduced ATP production. (B) Inhibition of complex Ⅱ causing disruption in the citric acid cycle and impaired generation of reducing equivalents. (C) Inhibition of complexⅢ, resulting in the blockade of electron transfer and a decrease in the proton motive force. (D) Inhibition of ATP synthase, preventing the conversion of the proton motive force into ATP synthesis. (E) Inhibition of complex TV, leading to the disruption of the final step in the electron transport chain and a decrease in oxygen consumption.

48.SiR-tubulin is a microtubule dye used for visualizing microtubule dynamics in live cells, but cannot be used to stain paraformaldehyde (PFA﹚ and methanol-fixed cells. Why is this dye unsuitable for fixed cells? (A) These fixation methods alter the structure of the SiR-tubulin binding site on microtubules. (B) The pH of fixed cells is not optimal for SiR-tubulin binding. (C) The SiR-tubulin is a crosslinker of microtubules. PFA and methanol interfere with the reactivity ofthe dye﹒ (D) PFAand mcthanol prevent dye penetration﹒ (E) PFAand methanol significantly quench the fluorescence signal of the dye﹒

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