40. Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt _______
(A)regulation of body temperature.
(B)sorting of sensory information.
(C)short‐term memory.
(D)executive functions, such as decision making.
(E)photosensitive

36. Which of the following could qualify as a top‐down control on a grassland community? (A)effect of grazing by bison on plant species diversity (B)influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers (C)influence of temperature on competition among plants (D)limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount (E)limitation of water supply during drought season

37. What happens first when a phage infects a bacterial cell and is going to enter a lysogenic cycle? (A)when the bacterial chromosome replicates, viral DNA is also replicated (B)linear DNA circularizes (C)viral DNA becomes inserted into the bacterial chromosome (D)all bacterial descendants will carry the viral genes (E)the host cell is lysed by the invasion

38. In adult humans, short‐term memory relies on connections in the __________, whereas long‐term memories appear to be based in the __________. (A)cerebellum, pons (B)pituitary gland, hypothalamus (C)thalamus, hypothalamus (D)hypothalamus, cerebellum (E)hippocampus, cerebral cortex

39. A strawberry plant mutant that fails to make stolons would suffer from _______(A)too little mineral absorption. (B)a tendency to topple over. (C)a reduction in asexual reproduction. (D)too little water absorption. (E)the disability of photosynthesis

41. In his breeding experiments, Mendel first crossed true‐breeding plants to produce a second generation, which were then allowed to self‐pollinate to generate the offspring. How do we name these three generations? (A)P1, P2, and F (B)P1, P2, and P3 (C)P, F1, and F2 (D)F1, F2, and F3 (E)F, P1, and P2

42. What is an allele? (A)the dominant form of a gene (B)the recessive form of a gene (C)a type of chromosome (D)a variety of pea plant used by Mendel (E)an alternative version of a gene

43. You cross a true‐breeding, red‐flowered snapdragon with a true‐breeding, white‐ flowered one. All of the F1 are pink. What does this say about the parental traits? (A)red and white are codominant (B)red shows incomplete dominance over white (C)pink is dominant, and red and white are recessive (D)red is completely dominant (E)both red and white are pleiotropic

44. In alternation of generations, what is the diploid stage of a plant that follows fertilization called? (A)chiasmata (B)sporophyte (C)karyotype (D)gametophyte (E)spore

45. Which of the following statements correctly describes how sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes differ from each other? (A)Homologous chromosomes are identical copies of each other. One sister chromatid comes from the father, and one comes from the mother. (B)They are not different.； homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids are both identical copies of each other. (C)Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication. (D)Homologous chromosomes are closely associated with each other in both mitosis and meiosis. Sister chromatids are only associated with each other during mitosis. (E)Sister chromatids are only formed during mitosis. Homologous chromosomes are formed during meiosis.

1. 造成高陰離子間隙之代謝性酸中毒( high anion-gap metabolic acidosis)的常見原因，下列 何者錯誤？ (A) lactic acidosis (B) diabetic ketoacidosis (C) renal tubular acidosis (D) uremia