40. What cell is haploid?
(A) oogonium
(B) zygote
(C) primary oocyte
(D) ovum
(E) spermatogonium

36. What is the path (left to right) of urine from formation to excretion in the mammalian kidney? (A)collecting duct   renal pelvis   ureter   urinary bladder   urethra (B)renal pelvis   ureter   urinary bladder urethra   collecting duct (C)ureter   collectingduct   renal pelvis   urinarybladder   urethra (D)collecting duct   ureter   urinary bladder   renal pelvis   urethra (E)urethra   collecting duct   renal pelvis   ureter   urinary bladder

37. Parathyroid hormone's main function is to (A) increase glucose mobilization during stress or fasting. (B) increase calcium by mobilizing the ion from bone. (C) increase sodium through reabsorption from kidney. (D) increase insulin-like growth factor I and linear body growth. (E) synergize with thyroid hormone in various functions.

38. Which of these gland-hormone pairs is mismatched? (A) pancreas-insulin (B) anterior pituitary-growth hormone (C) thyroid-thyroid hormone (D) adrenal-parathyroid hormone (E) ovaries-progesterone

39. Which of these hormone-effect pairs is mismatched? (A) growth hormone-linear growth (B) glucagon-blood pressure (C) aldosterone-blood osmolality (D) thyroid hormone-metabolism (E) glucagon-glucose regulation

41. Which of the choices lists the three phases of the ovarian cycle in the correct order? (A) follicular, luteal, ovulation (B) follicular, proliferative, secretory (C) luteal, ovulation, secretory (D) follicular, ovulation, luteal (E) luteal, secretory, ovulation

42. Which event of fertilization occurs first? (A) fast block to polyspermy (B) the entry of sperm DNA into the egg (C) the slow block to polyspermy (D) the acrosomal reaction (E) the cortical reaction

43. Which of the following is TRUE of a morphogen? It is a signaling molecule that (A) is required for cell-to-cell contact within the embryo. (B) induces the differentiation of cells within the embryo. (C) induces blastulation of the developing embryo. (D) induces implantation of the embryo into the uterus of mammals. (E) that separates out cytoplasmic factors to their respective cells within the developing embryo.

44. Vaccinations are effective in combating future infections because they induce the production of (A) helper T cells. (B) neutrophils. (C) prostaglandins. (D) mutations in the host genome. (E) memory cells.

45. All of the following are components of nonspecific immunity EXCEPT (A) skin. (B) phagocytes. (C)complement. (D) lysozyme. (E) B cells.

46. Which of the following is true of T cells and B cells? (A) They are effector cells against specific pathogens. (B) They are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow. (C) They can help attack and destroy invading pathogens. (D) They typically have a short life span. (E) All of these statements are true.