42. How does hemoglobin stabilize the pH value in human blood?
(A)It carries CO₂ to the lung.
(B)It carries O₂ to the blood.
(C)It binds H⁺ in blood when pH values lowered.
(D)It binds carbonate ions in blood.
(E)It releases H⁺ to blood when pH values changed.

38. Which of the interactions below is NOT a mutualism? (A)Bees and the plants that they pollinate (B)Cows and their grass land (C)Chloroplast and plant cells (D)Mitochondria and animal cells (E)Cooperation of hunting gang of wolves

39. In epithelial tissues (the lining tissues), which one is unlikely a correct match of a tissue and where it may locate? (A)Simple squamous epithelium – air sacs of lungs (B)Simple cuboidal epithelium – tubes in kidney (C)Stratified squamous epithelium – sweat gland (D)Simple columnar epithelium – intestines (E)Stratified squamous epithelium – vagina

40. Which enzyme below CANNOT digest the molecules listed next to it? (A)Pancreatic amylase – Polysaccharides (B)Trypsin – Polypeptides (C)Nucleases – DNA (D)Lipase – Fat globules (E)Maltase – Maltose

41. When under holding your breath, which cue from your body that your brain would pick up to change your breathing rate? (A)Heart beating rate (B)pH value in blood that changed by CO2 concentration (C)Raising level of O2 (D)Partial pressure of CO2 in your lung (E)Partial pressure of O2 in your lung

43. Myocardial infarction is the results of____. (A)the rupture of arteries in lungs (B)the blockage of arteries in brain (C)the damage of limb arteries (D)the high level of C-reactive protein responding to inflammation (E)the damage of coronary arteries

44. For the process of the activation of a helper T cell, pick a WRONG step below. (A)the antigen independently binds to the binding site of the helper T cell (B)a macrophage encounters the antigen (C)the self protein binds to the antigen (D)the antigen-self protein complex migrates to the surface of macrophage (E)the antigen-self protein complex binds to the T cell receptor

45. Antihistamines allow short term relief of allergy based on which reason below? (A)They form a complex of the effector B cells. (B)They stop the formation of B cells. (C)They deactivate the allergens. (D)They interfere the histamine’s action. (E)They attach to the mast cells.

46. In osmoregulation of freshwater fish and marine fish, which statement is correct? (A)Only freshwater fish gain salt ions from food. (B)Only freshwater fish excrete ions from gills. (C)Only marine fish uptake ions from gills. (D)Only marine fish excrete ions from kidney. (E)Only freshwater fish uptake ions from gills.

47. Which description of the reabsorption and secretion in human kidney below is INCORRECT? (A)The initial filtrate in Bowman’s capsule include H2O, H+, HCO3-, urea and nutrients. (B)In the proximal tubule, nutrients, salt, HCO3-, and H2O are reabsorbed. No secretion. (C)In the loop of Henle, salt and H2O are reabsorbed. No secretion. (D)In the distal tubule, salt, HCO3-, and H2O are reabsorbed. Secretion takes place. (E)In the collecting duct, salt, urea and H2O are reabsorbed. No secretion.

48. Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose level. In the statements below, which one is correct? (A)Alpha cells in pancreas release insulin into the blood. (B)Insulin stimulates only liver cells to take up glucose. (C)When the level of blood glucose drops, it diminished the alpha cells. (D)If the regulation of insulin is disordered and thus blood glucose is elevated, this is called hyperglycemia. (E)Type I diabetes is caused by the defective insulin signaling.