43. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 regarding “auxiliary” uses of AI, such as outlining?
(A) They are generally accepted as harmless by all educators.
(B) They are mechanical tasks that do not require cognitive effort.
(C) They may hinder the development of a student’s ability to comprehend arguments.
(D) They are more useful for advanced scholars than for beginning students.

39. What role do frontal-striatal pathways play, according to the passage? (A) They generate emotional responses to reward. (B) They regulate impulse control and reward selection. (C) They store long-term memories related to motivation. (D) They explain gender differences in rational thinking.

40. What does the author imply by describing delayed gratification as an “evolutionary-adaptive response”? (A) It is an inherited trait that cannot be changed. (B) It develops independently of social structures. (C) It is universally advantageous across all contexts. (D) It evolves to suit specific environmental conditions.

41. The word “outsource” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____. (A) delegate to an external source (B) improve through technology (C) reject in favor of tradition (D) evaluate for accuracy

42. Why does the author mention the historical reaction to the invention of writing in paragraph 2? (A) To suggest that AI will ultimately strengthen memory. (B) To argue that memory is no longer a necessary cognitive skill. (C) To show that philosophers have always been opposed to education. (D) To illustrate that technological change involves both benefits and costs.

44. What is implied about the relationship between literacy and democracy in paragraph 3? (A) Democracy is only possible in societies where AI is forbidden in educational settings. (B) Democracy requires participants to evaluate arguments and make reasoned judgements. (C) Traditional literacy is becoming obsolete in most democratic nations. (D) Informed decision-making is less important than creative interaction with texts.

45. Which statement best reflects the author’s primary position in the final paragraph? (A) AI should replace traditional literacy practices in higher education. (B) AI use is unavoidable and therefore should not be restricted. (C) Higher education must preserve practices that foster independent, cognitively mature thinkers. (D) More advanced technological resources in universities could improve students’ AI literacy.

46. The author’s emphasis on “economic insecurity” in paragraph 1 primarily serves to _____. (A) explain why consumer debt was historically common (B) suggest that frugality is encouraged by religious beliefs (C) contrast survival-oriented societies with consumer-oriented ones (D) argue that scarcity inevitably produces social stability

47. Which assumption about human desire underlies the author’s description of early marketing in Britain in paragraph 2? (A) Desire for goods increases naturally as income rises. (B) Envy and aspiration can be cultivated through social comparison. (C) Consumer tastes are determined mainly by cultural traditions. (D) Fashion functions independently of economic structures.

48. According to paragraph 3, what was one advantage of radio and television as marketing tools? (A) They required audiences to have high levels of media literacy. (B) They were originally used to promote educational and entertaining contents. (C) They were the primary and cheap marketing channels during the Great Depression. (D) They could reach audiences emotionally without needing advanced literacy.

49. Based on the passage, what is the author’s view on the relationship between identity and consumerism? (A) Identity is strictly biological and unaffected by economic systems. (B) Consumer choice enhances individual autonomy and personal value. (C) Consumerism has helped people move away from materialistic identities. (D) Modern identities have become closely tied to the goods individuals own.