43. Which of the following has NOTHING to do with nationalism?
(A) The conflicts that took place between Athens and Sparta in the ancient world.
(B) The facilitation of the flag as a means to build a sense of shared identity and allegiance.
(C) The new state which was created in Germany through the process of unification
(D) The ideological legitimation of the modern nation-state.
(E) The printing press which raised awareness of the nation-state.

39. Here are three statements concerning the Ancient Greek city-states: I. There were precise delineations of the areas of land controlled by the city- states. II. Compared to the modern state system, the city-states possessed highly institutionalized bureaucracies. Ⅲ. The record of the conflicts between Athens and Sparta in The Peloponnesian Wars indicated that the city-states were controlled by well- established political institutions. Based on the passage we read,(A) Both I and Ill are true(B) Both II and III are true(C) Only I is true(D) Only II is true(E) Only III is true

40. Which of the following titles could best indicate the content of this passage? (A) The Origin of the City-State (B) From Feudalism to Nationalism (C) The Ideology of the Modern State (D) Sovereignty in Historical Perspective (E) The Development of Bureaucracy

41. Which of the following is INCORRECT based on the information given in the passage? (A) In the feudal society of the Middle Ages, land is bestowed in exchange for military service.(B) The external authority of the modern state is defined by states' mutual recognition. (C) The Peace of Westphalia is generally considered as a hinderance to the formation of the modern sovereign state. (D) The modern state system is characterized by a citizen-territory-state nexus (E) The clearly defined internal political boundaries within Europe was created by the Peace of Westphalia

42. In which century was the modern state system inaugurated? (A) The fifteenth century (B) The sixteenth century (C) The seventeenth century (D) The eighteenth century (E) The nineteenth century

44. In the last paragraph, the author writes, 'In a European context, centralized states began to develop the bureaucratic mechanisms for identifying their populations, raising taxation, raising armies through conscription, and holding the monopoly of violence on their territories." Here, "holding the monopoly of violence on their territories" means the centralized states (A) severely prohibit violence on their territories (B) allow no one else to exercise violence on their territories besides themselves (C) possess minimal control of violence on their territories (D) exercise limited control of violence on their territories for economic profits (E) completely put violence on hold on their territories

45. According to the author, which of the following is true: (A) The ability to access limitless information is a blessing in disguise. (B) News today serves the role as a haven from our daily troubles. (C)We let news take over reality in the name of staying informed. (D) The appearance of fake news is an unexpected result of the rise of commercialized mass media. (E) Our addiction to digital devices can be traced to the evolutionary origin of our interest in news.

46. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "to worm its way into" in the second paragraph? (A) to bombard (B) to change into (C) to be tricked into (D) to add ease into (E) to get into

47. Why did the author mention Benjamin Day, the founding publisher of the New York Sun, in the second paragraph? (A) To exemplify a successful business model in mass media.(B) To illustrate how advertisers compete to draw consumers' attention. (C) To provide a historical account of the fierce competition amongst media moguls in the 19th century. (D) To explain how commercial incentives give rise to false news. (E) To pinpoint strategies new media companies use to sell space to advertisers.

48. What does "it" refer to in the sentence "'So it pummels us ceaselessly with incidents"' in the last paragraph? (A) The attention economy.(B)The urge to make a difference. (C) The need to stay informed. (D) Our addiction to digital devices (E) Fake news.

49. According to the author, which of the following best indicates "the underlying purpose of news," in consideration of the evolutionary origins of our interest in (A) The news provided a pleasant distraction from everyday life. (B) The news generated profits for the attention merchants. (C) The news came to dominate public consciousness. (D) The news helped us stay abreast of threats. (E) The fake news is the logical conclusion to a media economy "optimized for engagement."