44. DNA double-strand breaks can lead to genome instability. Which DNA repair mechanism is error-free system to repair this kind of lesion in the growth phase of the G2 phase cell cycle?
(A) Homologous recombination
(B) Non-homologous end-joining
(C) Microhomology-mediated end joining
(D) Base mismatch repair
(E) Excision repair

40. How many of the following neurotransmitters is/are neuropeptide(s)? I. Acetylcholine II. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) III. Norepinephrine IV. Dopamine V. Serotonin VI. Endorphin (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4 

41. About plant endosperm, which statement is NOT correct? (A) Endosperm is produced by the union of a central cell with a sperm cell. (B) In angiosperms, an endosperm formed by the union of a sperm with three polar nuclei during double fertilization. (C) The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds. (D) The endosperm is a nutrient source for the embryo. (E) Wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread.

42. How many of the following about bacterial gene regulation is/are correct? I. Tryptophan acts as a repressor in trp operon. II. Allolactose acts as an activator in lac operon. III. Catabolite activator protein (CAP) is activated by allolactose. IV. The lac operon is turned on by an increase in glucose and an increase in cAMP. (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4

43. The Nobel Prize winners provide great contribution to human. How many of the following people is/are Nobel Prize winner(s)? I. Rosalind Franklin － provided X-ray photo of DNA for Watson and Crick. II. Shinya Yamanaka － established induced pluripotent stem cells. III. Brenner, Horvitz and Sulston － used Caenorhabditis elegans to study apoptosis. IV. Barbara McClintock － found transposon. V. Earl W. Sutherland － discovered signal transduction. (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

45. How many of the following about the virus(es) is/are correct? I. Papillomavirus － cause warts and cervical cancer; belong to dsDNA virus. II. Poxvirus － cause cowpox; belong to dsDNA virus. III. Picornavirus － cause hepatitis A; belong to ssRNA virus serves as mRNA. IV. Coronavirus － cause SARA; belong to ssRNA virus serves as mRNA. V. Paramyxovirus － cause measles and mumps; belong to ssRNA virus serves as template for mRNA synthesis. (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

46. What is the most appropriate genetic maker to measure the genetic variation within human populations using the comparative genomic methods? (A) Ultra-conserved elements (B) Single nucleotide polymorphisms (C) Targeted enriched DNA fragments (D) Protein-coding genes (E) Transcriptomes

47. What is NOT an effect of genetic drift? (A) Genetic drift is more significant in small populations. (B) Genetic drift causes allele frequency to change and to fix in a population randomly. (C) Genetic drift prefers advantageous alleles to fix in a population. (D) Genetic drift could cause the loss of genetic variation in a population. (E) Genetic drift may be one of the reasons that a harmful allele becoming fix in a population.

48. All animals are considered as a monophyletic clade that originated around 770 million years ago. In terms of their biology and diversity, which one below is NOT true? (A) All animals have true tissues. (B) Most of the diversity in animals occurs in Bilateria clade. (C) In Bilateria, invertebrates do not share a common ancestor. (D) In Bilateria, vertebrates share a common ancestor. (E) Sponges are basal of all animals.

49. The elytron colors of ground beetles are polygenically inherited. If one male ground beetle was genotyped as AaBbCc and a female was genotyped as AaBbCc. The uppercase letters in the genotype are the dark-color alleles, and the lowercase letters are the light-color alleles. What is the probability of second darkest colored elytra in their immediate offspring? (A) 6/64 (B) 15/64 (C) 20/64 (D) 12/64 (E) 1/64  

50. Why do some social bees sacrifice their chance of reproduction and help the individuals in a group that are not their offspring? Which one below is NOT true about the evolution of this altruistic behavior? (A) It is best explained by kin selection. (B) The operating theory is called Hamilton’s rule. (C) The accounting of the fitness is called inclusive fitness. (D) When the benefit to the recipient of altruism weighted by the relatedness of the individuals is smaller than the cost of fitness of altruist, altruism in the system would evolve. (E) The coefficient of relatedness equals the fraction of genes that share among individuals.