49. The elytron colors of ground beetles are polygenically inherited. If one male ground beetle was genotyped as AaBbCc and a female was genotyped as AaBbCc. The uppercase letters in the genotype are the dark-color alleles, and the lowercase letters are the light-color alleles. What is the probability of second darkest colored elytra in their immediate offspring?
(A) 6/64
(B) 15/64
(C) 20/64
(D) 12/64
(E) 1/64  

45. How many of the following about the virus(es) is/are correct? I. Papillomavirus － cause warts and cervical cancer; belong to dsDNA virus. II. Poxvirus － cause cowpox; belong to dsDNA virus. III. Picornavirus － cause hepatitis A; belong to ssRNA virus serves as mRNA. IV. Coronavirus － cause SARA; belong to ssRNA virus serves as mRNA. V. Paramyxovirus － cause measles and mumps; belong to ssRNA virus serves as template for mRNA synthesis. (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

46. What is the most appropriate genetic maker to measure the genetic variation within human populations using the comparative genomic methods? (A) Ultra-conserved elements (B) Single nucleotide polymorphisms (C) Targeted enriched DNA fragments (D) Protein-coding genes (E) Transcriptomes

47. What is NOT an effect of genetic drift? (A) Genetic drift is more significant in small populations. (B) Genetic drift causes allele frequency to change and to fix in a population randomly. (C) Genetic drift prefers advantageous alleles to fix in a population. (D) Genetic drift could cause the loss of genetic variation in a population. (E) Genetic drift may be one of the reasons that a harmful allele becoming fix in a population.

48. All animals are considered as a monophyletic clade that originated around 770 million years ago. In terms of their biology and diversity, which one below is NOT true? (A) All animals have true tissues. (B) Most of the diversity in animals occurs in Bilateria clade. (C) In Bilateria, invertebrates do not share a common ancestor. (D) In Bilateria, vertebrates share a common ancestor. (E) Sponges are basal of all animals.

50. Why do some social bees sacrifice their chance of reproduction and help the individuals in a group that are not their offspring? Which one below is NOT true about the evolution of this altruistic behavior? (A) It is best explained by kin selection. (B) The operating theory is called Hamilton’s rule. (C) The accounting of the fitness is called inclusive fitness. (D) When the benefit to the recipient of altruism weighted by the relatedness of the individuals is smaller than the cost of fitness of altruist, altruism in the system would evolve. (E) The coefficient of relatedness equals the fraction of genes that share among individuals.

51. What listed below can NOT lead to speciation? (A) Allopatric distribution of two populations (B) Sexual selection among phenotypes (C) Panmictic population (D) Polyploidy of the local species (E) Hybridization of two species

52. During the history of the Earth, what is the time sequence of originations (from old to young) of the animals below? (A) trilobites, dragonflies, reptiles, dinosaurs, primates (B) trilobites, reptiles, dragonflies, dinosaurs, primates (C) trilobites, dragonflies, dinosaurs, reptiles, primates (D) dragonflies, trilobites, reptiles, dinosaurs, primates (E) dragonflies, trilobites, dinosaurs, reptiles, primates

53. What is correct about the haploid or diploid of the cells during human gametogenesis? (A) Spermatogonium is haploid. (B) Primary spermatocyte is haploid. (C) Oogonium is haploid. (D) Primary oocyte is haploid. (E) Primary oocyte is diploid.

54. Which one could be the pollinator of the flower that has long floral tube? (A) Bats (B) Flies (C) Bees (D) Hawk moths (E) Ants

55. Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function. (A) Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system. (B) Schwann cells provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons. (C) Radial glia is the source of immunoprotection against pathogens. (D) Astrocytes metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness. (E) None of the above.