53. What is correct about the haploid or diploid of the cells during human gametogenesis?
(A) Spermatogonium is haploid.
(B) Primary spermatocyte is haploid.
(C) Oogonium is haploid.
(D) Primary oocyte is haploid.
(E) Primary oocyte is diploid.

49. The elytron colors of ground beetles are polygenically inherited. If one male ground beetle was genotyped as AaBbCc and a female was genotyped as AaBbCc. The uppercase letters in the genotype are the dark-color alleles, and the lowercase letters are the light-color alleles. What is the probability of second darkest colored elytra in their immediate offspring? (A) 6/64 (B) 15/64 (C) 20/64 (D) 12/64 (E) 1/64  

50. Why do some social bees sacrifice their chance of reproduction and help the individuals in a group that are not their offspring? Which one below is NOT true about the evolution of this altruistic behavior? (A) It is best explained by kin selection. (B) The operating theory is called Hamilton’s rule. (C) The accounting of the fitness is called inclusive fitness. (D) When the benefit to the recipient of altruism weighted by the relatedness of the individuals is smaller than the cost of fitness of altruist, altruism in the system would evolve. (E) The coefficient of relatedness equals the fraction of genes that share among individuals.

51. What listed below can NOT lead to speciation? (A) Allopatric distribution of two populations (B) Sexual selection among phenotypes (C) Panmictic population (D) Polyploidy of the local species (E) Hybridization of two species

52. During the history of the Earth, what is the time sequence of originations (from old to young) of the animals below? (A) trilobites, dragonflies, reptiles, dinosaurs, primates (B) trilobites, reptiles, dragonflies, dinosaurs, primates (C) trilobites, dragonflies, dinosaurs, reptiles, primates (D) dragonflies, trilobites, reptiles, dinosaurs, primates (E) dragonflies, trilobites, dinosaurs, reptiles, primates

54. Which one could be the pollinator of the flower that has long floral tube? (A) Bats (B) Flies (C) Bees (D) Hawk moths (E) Ants

55. Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function. (A) Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system. (B) Schwann cells provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons. (C) Radial glia is the source of immunoprotection against pathogens. (D) Astrocytes metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness. (E) None of the above.

56. Which plant group is NOT vascular plant? (A) Ginkgo (B) Mosses (C) Conifers (D) Angiosperms (E) Ferns

57. Which protein is NOT involved in the fusion and fission process of mitochondria? (A) COX (B) Drp1 (C) Opa1 (D) Mfn1 (E) Fis1

58. Olfactory receptors in mammals belong to _____________. (A) receptor tyrosine kinases (B) ion channels (C) G protein-coupled receptors (D) proton pumps (E) small GTPase

59. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. In the mid-1990s, researchers discovered an enzyme in HIV called protease. Once the enzyme's structure was known, researchers began looking for drugs that would fit into the active site and block it. If this strategy for stopping HIV infections were successful, it would be an example of what phenomenon? (A) allosteric regulation (B) competitive inhibition (C) vaccination (D) denaturation (E) synergistic effect