44. What is the tone of the author?
(A) Hopeful.
(B) Critical.
(C) Energetic.
(D) Disgust.

45. What is the main idea of this passage? (A) The salty water from the Aral Sea is not fit to be used to irrigate cotton fields. (B) Due to human follies, the Aral Sea was turned into a desert wasteland. (C) The environment must be put before economic growth. (D) The Aral Sea has been destroyed to the extent that it is unlikely to recover.

46. Why did the water of the Aral Sea turn salty? (A) because farm chemicals flowed into the water. (B) because the cotton fields extended as far as the Aral Sea. (C) because cotton blocked the rivers that used to feed the Aral Sea. (D) because the rivers that used to feed the Aral Sea were diverted elsewhere.

47. Why is the soil in the cotton fields also slowly being ruined? (A) With too much water added to the cotton field, a layer of salt has formed on the surface of the soil. (B) Too much snow falls on the desert every year, thereby destroying the soil. (C) The farm chemicals do extensive damage to the desert where cotton crops are cultivated. (D) The polluted air hangs over the cotton fields, thereby ruining the soil.

48. What was the size of the Aral Sea by 2004? (A) 66,000 square kilometers (B) 33,000 square kilometers (C) 16,500 square kilometers (D) 19,800 square kilometers

49. What do the governments of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan care about? (A) the fishing industry (B) ecology (C) the income from the cotton (D) their people’s health

50. Which of the following is NOT similar in meaning to the word “vibrant” in the fourth paragraph? (A) lively (B) nostalgic (C) full of life (D) dynamic

Part D: Language Teaching Pedagogy 51. Which word list best describes the pronunciation rule, “We close both our lips and air comes up from the throat, pushing the lips apart in a little explosion”? (A) /p/ and /b/ in words like top and bit. (B) /f/ and /v/ in words like ferry and very. (C) /j/ and /w/ in words like university and world. (D) /l/ in words like Liverpool and language.

52. Speakers of a non-dominant language accept a few key words, usually related to business or trade, from the dominant language to develop a common language, which is called a _________. (A) dialect (B) pidgin (C) jargon (D) idiolect

53. Reading assessment implies differentiating bottom-up from top-down tasks, as well as focus on form versus on _________. (A) method (B) structure (C) scheme (D) meaning

54. Identify a method or an approach: Today L2 teachers use pictures and props to help students understand meaning. This was originally from ____. (A) the Direct Method (B) the Audio-lingual Method (C) Total Physical Response (D) Communicative Language Teaching

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