45. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most prominent and diverse family of cell-surface receptors and are therefore targets for approximately 40% of marketed drugs. The following is a typical scenario of GPCR-mediated signaling pathway: GPCR receives extracellular signals → activated GPCR acts as a guanine nucleotide exchanger (GEF) → Galpha subunit of G protein releases GDP and binds GTP → Galpha subunit binds and activates its target enzyme upon GTP hydrolysis → a secondary messenger is generated → another protein is activated → cellular responses follow. Which of the following is a common secondary messenger used in the scenario? (A) sodium ions (Na+) (B) magnesium ions (Mg2+) (C) nitric oxide (NO) (D) guanine monophosphate (GMP) (E) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

45. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most prominent and diverse family of cell-surface receptors and are therefore targets for approximately 40% of marketed drugs. The following is a typical scenario of GPCR-mediated signaling pathway: GPCR receives extracellular signals → activated GPCR acts as a guanine nucleotide exchanger (GEF) → Galpha subunit of G protein releases GDP and binds GTP → Galpha subunit binds and activates its target enzyme upon GTP hydrolysis → a secondary messenger is generated → another protein is activated → cellular responses follow. Which of the following is a common secondary messenger used in the scenario?
(A) sodium ions (Na+)
(B) magnesium ions (Mg2+)
(C) nitric oxide (NO)
(D) guanine monophosphate (GMP)
(E) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

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統計： A(0), B(0), C(1), D(0), E(3) #3853350

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GPCR 組件層級代表名稱生...

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13. Suppose a person begins breathing very rapidly while resting (hyperventilating), which of the following best describes how homeostasis is restored? (A) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The frontal cortex detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (B) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The hypothalamus detects the change and decreases stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby reducing the breathing rate. (C) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The hypothalamus detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (D) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (E) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate.

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