45. Regarding plant organ and its components, which of the following sets is NOT true?
(A) Spores vs. sperms
(B) Archegonia vs. eggs
(C) Antheridia vs. sperms
(D) Ovules vs. eggs
(E) Seeds vs. embryos

41. Which is NOT a source of genetic variation that makes evolution possible? (A) Oxidative phosphorylation (B) Formation of new alleles (C) Sexual reproduction (D) Altering gene number or position (E) Rapid reproduction

42. Which of the following systems allow arthropods to propel the hemolymph into hemocoel? (A) Closed circulatory system (B) Open circulatory system (C) Respiratory system (D) Reproductive system (E) Digestive system

43. What is the evolutionary sequence that is believed to have given rise to the chloroplasts of land plants? (A) Cyanobacteria → brown algae → land plants (B) Photosynthetic bacteria → brown algae → green algae → land plants (C) Diatoms → green algae → land plants (D) Cyanobacteria → diatoms → green algae → land plants (E) Cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants

44. Which of the following statements about genetic drift is TRUE? (A) Genetic drift is significant in big populations. (B) Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random. (C) Genetic drift results in increased genetic variation within a population. (D) In very big populations, genetic drift can also cause slightly harmful allele to become fixed. (E) Genetic drift can preserve alleles in a population.

46. Which of the following statements about reproductive system and embryonic development is TRUE? (A) The mesoderm of embryonic layer forms skeletal and muscular systems. (B) The primary oocyte is arrested at metaphase of meiosis II. (C) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the remaining follicular tissue to form the corpus luteum. (D) Luteining hormone (LH) causes sertoli cells to produce testosterone and other androgens. (E) Prostaglandins make the uterus more sensitive to oxytocin to initiate labor.

47. The heterokaryotic phase of a fungal life cycle is______. (A) a stage in which the hyphae contain only one type of haploid nucleus (B) a stage in which the hyphae contain two, genetically different, diploid nuclei (C) a stage in which the hyphae contain two, genetically different, haploid nuclei (D) a stage that is diploid but functions as a gametophyte (like the body of an animal) (E) a triploid stage formed by the fusion of a diploid nucleus with the haploid nucleus of a compatible hypha

48. Regarding the biogeographic factors affecting community diversity and related theories, which is NOT true? (A) Plant and animal life are generally more abundant and diverse in the tropics than in other parts of the globe. (B) All other factors being equal, the larger the geographic area of a community, the more species it has. (C) Small islands generally have higher immigration rate. (D) The species richness of plants and animals correlates with measures of evapotranspiration. (E) An island that is closer to the mainland generally has a higher immigration rate and a lower extinction rate than one farther away.

49. Which gene might be associated with the rapid appearance of a vast array of bilaterally symmetrical and structurally diverse animals during the Cambrian explosion? (A) BRCA genes (B) Ubx genes (C) Opsin genes (D) STX16 genes (E) Hox genes

50. Assuming that 40 leopard cats, weighing 5 kg each and feeding solely on herbivorous prey, live continuously with their prey in a given area, approximately how much total biomass of plant material would be required? (A) 2,222 kg (B) 4,000 kg (C) 20,000 kg (D) 125,000 kg (E) 500,000 kg

51. Which of the following statements about all cells is NOT true? (A) They have membrane transport proteins. (B) They synthesize proteins on the ribosome. (C) They replicate their genome by DNA polymerization. (D) They transcribe their genetic information by RNA polymerization. (E) They use RNA as a template for genomic DNA polymerization.