47.( )下列何者不為「心理作用藥物」容易成癮(Addiction)的因素之一?
(A)成瘾藥物能直接作用於多巴胺系統而同時作用於愉悅和誘因系統。
(B)重複使用成癮藥物會產生不愉快的戒斷症狀。
(C)成瘾藥物可能導致腦部誘因系统的永久改變而神經敏感化。
(D)成癮患者自制能力與改變動機不足。

1.( ) The axons of some neurons are surrounded by a fatty substance called myelin. These myelinated axons (A) can send a neural impulse in both directions within one neuron. (B) can transmit information, but cannot receive it. (C) transmit information more quickly than do unmyelinated axons. (D) function no differently than unmyelinated axons.

2. ( ) If someone received split-brain surgery and the name of an object is projected only to the right hemisphere of your brain, they would probably be able to (A) say the word. (B) describe the use of the object. (C) write the word. (D) pick out the object with the left hand.

3. ( ) In order to develop a sense of identity, the adolescent must (A) consolidate a consistent picture of how to behave and what to do with one's life. (B) first establish an intimate relationship around which to form the identity. (C) live in a society which offers clear limitations and prescriptions for behavior and possible roles. (D) establish identity in all areas of life at the same time.

4. ( ) A soldier dresses in dark splotchy "camouflage" clothing while hiding in terrain of the same color, trying to make it more difficult for the enemy to see. Camouflage interferes with which Gestalt principle of perceptual  organization?(A) good continuation (B) closure (C) figure-ground (D)similarity

5. ( ) As one moves from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep, one becomes (A) less easily awakened. (B) more easily awakened. (C) likely to dream. (D) more physiologically aroused because one is getting closer to REM  sleep.

6. ( ) Although there may be different types of memory systems, each system utilizes the three basic stages of (A) working store, consolidation, and long-term store. (B) acquisition, consolidation, and forgetting. (C) storage, remembering, and forgetting. (D) encoding, storage, and retrieval.

7. ( ) The word "dawn" appears in a list of words you try to memorize. Thirty minutes later, you are asked to recall the list, but your recall is wrong. Which word would you be most likely to recall instead of "dawn"? (A)fawn(B)sun(C)morning (D) down

8. ( ) Addiction to drugs probably occurs because the drugs (A) activate the dopamine system. (B) produce unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. (C) sensitize reward neurons. (D) All of the above are true.

9. ( ) The most common basis for differentiating between emotion and motivation assumes that the emotion is aroused by_______ and that motivation is aroused by_______ (A) drives； instincts. (B) instincts； drives. (C) internal events； external events. (D) external events； internal events.

10.( )One point on which Walter Cannon argued against the James-Lange theory of emotions was that autonomic arousal is too slow to account for the different emotional experiences. More recent researchers suggest that______do operate quickly enough to account for the speed with which emotions arise. (A) sympathetic responses (B) cognitive appraisals (C) limbic responses (D) blood flow and brain temperature

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