47. What is the primary original source of genetic variation in a population?
(A) mutation
(B) genetic drift
(C) inbreeding
(D) cloning
(E) None of above

43. Which description about the excretory system is FALSE? (A) The nasal glands of marine birds concentrate salt. (B) The Malpighian tubes of insects remove nitrogenous wastes. (C) Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed in descending limb of the loop of Henle. (D) The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) releases renin when blood pressure drops. (E) None of the above

複選題44. Which description about the circulatory and respiratory systems is FALSE? (A) The spike (QRS complex) of electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the signal passing from atrioventricular (AV) node to heart apex. (B) Individuals with a high ratio of LDL/HDL have risk for atherosclerosis. (C) The diaphragm contracts during inhalation in human. (D) Medulla can detect the decreased blood pH. (E) None of the above

45. Which description about the nervous system is NOT matched with its function? (A) Acetylcholine stimulates heart muscle. (B) Reticular formation regulates arousal and sleep. (C) Parasympathetic nerves stimulate stomach activity. (D) Amygdala controls emotional memory. (E) None of the above

複選題46. Which assumption is NOT the basis for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (A) random mating (B) natural selection (C) large population with genetic drift (D) no gene migration of alleles into or out of the population (E) no mutation

48. Which protist is NOT matched with its disease? (A) Plasmodium - malaria (B) Trichomonas - sexual transmitted disease (C) Leishmania - skin disease (D) Trypanosoma - intestinal infection (E) None of the above

49. Which description about fungi is FALSE? (A) Athlete’s foot and ringworm are caused by fungi. (B) Candida albicans is a fungi to infect vagina. (C) Forming buds instead of spores are more effectively in sticking to lung cells. (D) Coccidioidomycosis is treated with antibiotics. (E) None of the above

50. Which description about the reproductive system is FALSE? (A) Spermatheca is used to store sperms in female fruit fly. (B) Epididymis is used to store sperms in men. (C) Oogenesis begins at embryonic development of women. (D) Hypothalamus is stimulated by combinations of high levels estradiol and progesterone. (E) None of the above

51. Which of the following animals has the largest basic metabolic rate (BMR) per body mass? (A) 500 kg horse (B) 60 kg human (C) 60 kg alligator (D) 0.5 kg lizard (E) 0.5 kg rat

52. Which is the WRONG description about sexual reproduction of fungi? (A) Fungi release pheromones to find the correction mating type. (B) After plasmogamy, nuclei of two mycelia fuse immediately. (C) A zygote is formatted after karyogamy. (D) A heterokaryon contains two coexisting, genetically different nuclei. (E) A heterokaryon can be extended hours, days, or even years.

53. In a large population of a plant species, which of the following situations is the least likely to change allele frequencies within the population? (A) A forest fire destroys most of individuals in the population (B) Radioactive fallout from an accident at a nuclear power plant (C) Microhabitats within the range of the population where certain phenotypes have a better chance of surviving (D) The preference of a pollinator for a certain flower color (E) Wind pollination of the flowers