49. Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein will drain first into the
(A) right ventricle.
(B) vena cava.
(C) left atrium.
(D) right atrium.
(E) left ventricle.

50. In negative-pressure breathing, inhalation results from (A) using muscles of the lungs to expand the alveoli. (B) relaxing the muscles of the rib cage. (C) contracting the diaphragm. (D) contracting the abdominal muscles. (E) forcing air from the throat down into the lungs.

51. Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through pulmonary capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin)(A) CO2 + H2O → H2CO3(B) Hb(O2)4→ Hb + 4O2(C) Hb + 4 CO2 → Hb(CO2)4(D) H2CO3→H1 + HCO3-(E) Hb + 4 O2→ Hb(O2)4

52. Which of the following molecules is incorrectly paired with a source? (A) interferons_virus-infected cells (B) interleukin-1-macrophages (C) perforins cytotoxic T cells (D) lysozyme tears (E) immunoglobulins-helper T cells

53. Which of the following is a characteristic of the early stages of local inflammation? (A) precapillary arteriole constriction (B) attack by cytotoxic T cells (C) fever (D) antibody-complement - mediated lysis of microbes (E) release of histamine

54. An epitope associates with which part of an antibody? (A) the antibody tail (B) the antibody-binding site (C) the variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined (D) the light-chain constant regions only (E) the heavy-chain constant regions only

55. Which of the following is not true about helper T cells? (A) They function in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. (B) They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules. (C) They bear surface CD4 molecules. (D) When activated, they secrete IL-2 and other cytokines.

56. The majority of water and salt filtered into Bownan's capsule is reabsorbed by (A)diffusion from the descending linnb of the loop of I lenle into the hyperosmotic interstitial fluid of the medulla. (B) active transport across the transport epithelium of the thick upper segment of the ascending linb of the loop of Henle. (C)selective secretion and diffusion across the distal tubule. (D) diffusion from the collecting duct into the increasing osmolic gradient of the renal medulla. (E) the transport epithelia of the proximal tububule.

57. Select the pair in which the witrogenous waste is incorrectly matched with the benelit of its excretion. (A) uric acid -mininal loss of water when excreted (B) uren-_very insoluble in water (C)uric acid_can be stored as as a precipitate (D)ammonia_very soluble in water (E) urea_low toxicity relative to ammonia

58. Which of the following correctly describes a case of osmoregulation? (A) secretion of drugs and reabsorption of nutrients by the proximal tubule (B) discharge of excess water in a hypoosmotic environment (C)excretion of salt in a hypoosmotic environment (D)expenditure of energy to convert ammonia to less toxic wastes (E) body fluids that are isoosmotic with the external environment

59. A distinctive feature of the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones and stercid hormones is that (A)targei cells react more rapidly these hormormones than to locallatorslin (B) these hormones affect metabolism. (C) these hormones are regulated by feedback loops. (D)these hormones bind to receptors inside cells. (E) these hormones bind with specific receptor proteins on target-cell plasma menibranes.

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