5. Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?
(A) as a hexose
(B) as a monosaccharide
(C) as a disaccharide
(D) as a polysaccharide

1. Darwin's finches, collected from the Galápagos Islands, illustrate which of the following? (A) mutation frequency (B) ancestors from different regions (C) adaptive radiation (D) the accuracy of the fossil record

2. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and most commonly, a mass number of 16. Thus, what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom? (A) approximately 8 grams (B) approximately 8 daltons (C) approximately 16 grams (D) approximately 16 daltons

3. Which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions? (A) They maintain a constant pH when bases are added to them but not when acids are added to them. (B) They maintain a constant pH when acids are added to them but not when bases are added to them. (C) They fluctuate in pH when either acids or bases are added to them. (D) They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them.

4. Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? (A) carbonyl and amino groups (B) carboxyl and amino groups (C) amino and sulfhydryl groups (D) hydroxyl and carboxyl groups

6. Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted? (A) lysosome (B) mitochondrion (C) Golgi apparatus (D) peroxisome

7. Which of the following is true of osmosis? (A) Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells. (B) Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process. (C) In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration. (D) In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration.

8. A noncompetitive inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzyme reaction by ________.(A) binding at the active site of the enzyme (B) changing the shape of the enzyme's active site (C) changing the free energy change of the reaction (D) acting as a coenzyme for the reaction

9. You have a friend who lost 7 kg of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise. How did the fat leave his body? (A) It was released as CO2 and H2O. (B) It was converted to heat and then released. (C) It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. (D) It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.

10. In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a six-carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. After phosphorylation and reduction produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), what more needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle? (A) addition of a pair of electrons from NADPH (B) regeneration of ATP from ADP (C) regeneration of RuBP (D) regeneration of NADP+

11. A drug designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone would most likely result in  ________.(A) lower cytoplasmic levels of cAMP (B) a decrease in transcriptional activity of certain genes (C) an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration (D) a decrease in G protein activity