53. Which of the following statements about glycogen metabolism is NOT correct? (A) Glycogen synthesis requires glycogen synthase, UDP-glucose, and the a-1,4 → α1,6 branching enzyme. (B) Complete degradation of glycogen requires glycogen phosphorylase, transferase, and a-1,6 glucosidase. (C) Glycogen breakdown directly produces glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). (D) Abnormal glycogen metabolism can result in glycogen storage diseases (GSDs). (E) The nonreducing ends of the glycogen molecule form the surface of the glycogen granule, where degradation takes place.

1. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 was awarded for discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? (A) Peripheral immune tolerance mechanisms restrain self-reactive T cells that escape clonal deletion during thymic maturation. (B) Defects in peripheral immune tolerance may cause systemic lupus erythematosus. (C) CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells contribute to the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. (D) FOXP3 is a master regulator of cytotoxic T cells that destroy self-reactive effector T cells. (E) Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) are caused by mutations in the FOXP3 gene.

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