57. Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize which of the following?
(A) endocytosis
(B) blood pressure
(C) diffusion
(D) active transport
(E) osmosis

34. 關於呼吸與氣體運送，下列敍述何者錯誤？ (A) 人類吸氣原理是增加胸腔體積產生負壓，讓外界氣體自然流入 (B) 血液 pH 值如果由正常值 7.4 下降到 7.2，會使得大量氧氣從血紅素裡釋出 (C) 魚類鰓裡的血流方向與水流方向垂直，可以達到最好的氣體交換效果 (D) 鳥類在吸氣和吐氣時，肺臟都可以有效率地在進行氣體交換得到氧氣

8. Which of the following is an example of countercurrent exchange? (A) The flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills. (B) The flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins. (C) The flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae. (D) The flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary. (E) The flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart. 

6. In the fish gills: (A) blood and water flow in opposite directions. (B) blood and water flow in the same direction. (C) blood flowing in the gills reverses direction with every heartbeat (D) water flowing over the glls reverses direction whh every inhalation. (E) blood and water are separated by a thick polysaccharide barrier.

38. 下列動物的生理現象，何者不符合逆流交換(countercurrent exchange)、逆流熱交換 (countercurrent heat exchange) 或逆流倍增系統 (countercurrent multiplier/multiplication system)的運作機轉？ (A) 魚鰓進行的氣體交換 (B) 時節進入寒冬，野生的水禽在野外沼澤覓食，腳部進行的血液循環 (C) 哺乳動物的體循環與肺循環進行的氣體交換與運輸 (D) 腎臟腎元的亨利氏管(Henle’s loop)回收鹽分與水分

58. Sexual reproduction (A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions. (B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment. (C) yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction. (D) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats. (E) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.

59. Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which information would best help distinguish between an explanation based on homology versus one based on convergent evolution? (A) The two species live at great distance from each other. (B) The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical. (C) The sizes of the structures in adult members of both species are similar in size. (D) Both species are well adapted to their particular environments. E) Both species reproduce sexually.

60. The recessive allele that causes phenylketonuria (PKU) is harmful, except when an infant's diet lacks the amino acid, phenylalanine. What maintains the presence of this harmful allele in a population's gene pool? (A) heterozygote advantage (B) stabilizing selection (C) diploidy (D) balancing selection (E) kin selection

61. Bagworm moth caterpillars feed on evergreens and carry a silken case or bag around with them in which they eventually pupate. Adult female bagworm moths are larval in appearance; they lack the wings and other structures of the adult male and instead retain the appearance of a caterpillar even though they are sexually mature and can lay eggs within the bag. This is a good example of (A) allometric growth. (B) paedomorphosis. (C) sympatric speciation. (D) adaptive radiation. (E) changes in homeotic genes.

62. Hypothetical mutation in a squirrel population produces organisms with eight legs rather than four. Further, these mutant squirrels survive, successfully invade new habitats, and eventually give rise to a new species. The initial event, giving rise to extra legs, would be a good example of (A) punctuated equilibrium. (B) species selection. (C) habitat selection. (D) changes in homeotic genes. (E) allometry.

63. Species that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities can still be placed together on the same phylogenetic tree by comparing their (A) plasmids. (B) chloroplast genomes. (C) mitochondrial genomes. (D) homologous genes that are poorly conserved. (E) homologous genes that are highly conserved.

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