59. Which of the following best represents the path of a signal that causes muscle contraction?
(A) motor neuron→sarcoplasmic reticulum→sarcolemma→transverse tubules
(B) transverse tubules→sarcoplasmic reticulum→sarcolemma→motor neuron
(C) motor neuron→transverse tubules→sarcolemma→sarcoplasmic reticulum
(D) sarcoplasmic reticulum→transverse tubules→sarcolemma→motor neuron
(E) motor neuron→sarcolemma→transverse tubules→sarcoplasmic reticulum

1. Imagine a tree is attacked by fungus that parasitizes and destroys phloem. What would be a likely cause of the tree’s death? (A) inability to capture water from the soil (B) inability to transport water to the leaves (C) starvation of the roots (D) inhibition of photosynthesis (E) A and B

2. How does the immune system produce so many different antibodies? (A) vertebrates inherit millions of different antibody genes (B) each antibody is the product of several different genes that are shuffled to produce new combinations (C) meiotic recombination and independent assortment lead to antibody variations (D) the immune system creates new B cells each time it is exposed to a new antigen (E) all of the above

3. Which of the following is true for both prokaiyotic and eukaryotic gene expression? (A) after transcription, a 3,poly-A tail and a 5，cap are added to mRNA (B) transcription of mRNA can begin before transcription is completed (C) RNA polymerase may recognize a promoter region upstream from the gene (D)mRN'A is synthesized in the 3direction (E) the mRNA transcript is the exact complement of the gene from which it was copied

4. During cellular respiration., pyruvate must be transported across (A) the cell membrane into intercellular space (B) both mitochondria membranes into the matrix (C) the outer mitochondria membrane into the stroma (D) the outer mitochondria membrane into the cytosol (E) the nuclear envelop into nucleus

5. "Which of the following statements about nonspecific defenses is false? (A) they include inflammatory responses (B) they include physical and chemical barriers (C) they must be primed by the presence of antigen (D) they may involve the formation of membrane attack complexes (E) marcophages and natural killer cells are participants in the process

6. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes because (A) their DNA is light-sensitive (B) they need protection from lysosomes (C) they are derived from eukaryotes (D) the double membrane is required to maintain a hydrogen ion gradient (E) they originated from endosymbiosis

7. A flower without sepals and petals is most likely pollinated by (A) bees (B) moths (C) bats (D) wind (E) insects

8. A species concept defined by phenotypic characters is referred as (A) biological species concept (B) ecological species concept (C) evolutionary species concept (D) morphological species concept (E) recognition species concept

9. _ are generally characterized by sporophyte with vascular system and without seed production in life cycle. (A) Mosses (B) Fems (C) Gymnosperms (D) Angiosperms (E) Algae

10. A structure in seed, which is equivalent to a leaf, is (A) seed coat (B) plumule (C) endosperm (D) coleoptile (E) cotyledon

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