6. On a spaceship designed to support a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system, plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. Because the spaceship will be so far from the sun, an artificial light source will be needed to support photosynthesis. Which of the following wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth?
(A) a mixture of yellow and orange light
(B) green light
(C) a mixture of blue and red light
(D) ultraviolet light

2. Which of the following structures form cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells through the cell walls? (A) desmosomes (B) gap junctions (C) plasmodesmata (D) tight junctions

3. Which of the following statements best describes how unsaturated fatty acids increase membrane fluidity at lower temperatures? (A) The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly. (B) Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content, which prevents adjacent lipids from packing tightly. (C) Unsaturated fatty acids are more nonpolar than saturated fatty acids. (D) The double bonds block interaction among the hydrophilic head groups of the lipids.

複選題4. Which of the following responses is stimulated by cell signaling the formation of biofilms? (A) formation of mating complexes (B) aggregation of bacteria (C) secretion of substances that inhibit the growth of foreign bacteria (D) inhibition of quorum sensing

5. Upon completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy originally stored in each glucose molecule catabolized by cellular respiration is stored in which of the following molecules? (A) acetyl-CoA (B) ATP (C) CO2 (D) NADH

7. Which of the following statements describes a characteristic feature of metaphase? (A) alignment of chromosomes on the equator of the cell (B) separation of the centromeres (C) cytokinesis (D) separation of sister chromatids

8. How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE? (A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 64

9. Use the following information to answer the question. In the figure, the letters A-G represent individual species that all descended from a common ancestor. Which of the following groups of these species forms a monophyletic group? (A) A, B, C, D (B) C and D (C) D, E, and F (D) E, F, and G

10. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in humans where the person has two homozygous recessive alleles for the gene. If the disease is left untreated, it causes severe health problems in the individual. If 4 in 10,000 newborn babies have the disease, what are the expected frequencies of the dominant (A1) and recessive (A2) alleles according to the Hardy-Weinberg equation? (A) f(A1) = 0.9998, f(A2) = 0.0002 (B) f(A1) = 0.9800, f(A2) = 0.0200 (C) f(A1) = 0.9700, f(A2) = 0.0300 (D) f(A1) = 0.9604, f(A2) = 0.0392

11. Which of the following provides an example of mechanical isolation as a prezygotic barrier? (A) two species live in different habitats (B) two species mate at different times (C) two species share courtship activities (D) two snails have shells that spiral in different directions

12. Which of the following statements accurately describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda (λ) phage? (A) The viral genes immediately turn the host cell into a lambda-producing factory. Then the host lyses. (B) The product of one prophage gene is made and it activates most of the other prophage genes. (C) The phage genome is integrated into the host chromosome where it is passed on to daughter cells through binary fission. (D) The phage DNA is copied and accumulates in the cytoplasm. Then a trigger causes capsid proteins to be made and phages are assembled.