6. What distinguishes channels from pumps in the context of membrane transport in plant cells?
(A)Channels facilitate passive transport and move substances against their concentration gradient, while pumps are involved in active transport and move substances from higher to lower concentration areas.
(B) Channels are involved in active transport and move substances from lower to higher concentration areas, while pumps facilitate passive transport and move substances from higher to lower concentration areas.
(C)Channels and pumps perform identical functions, and the terms can be used interchangeably in the context of membrane transport.
(D) Channels are passive transport proteins that allow substances to move down their concentration gradient, while pumps are active transport proteins that move substances against their concentration gradient.

2. What is the primary function of the vascular cambium in plants undergoing secondary growth? (A)Producing secondary xylem towards the inside(B) Producing secondary phloem towards the inside (C)Increasing the length of stems and roots(D) Developing the epidermis in young plant tissues

3. What is the primary driving force for the upward transport of water and minerals in xylem vessels? (A)Transpiration pull (B) Osmosis (C)Pressure flow (D) Capillary action

4. Which vascular tissue is responsible for the bidirectional transport of organic nutrients, especially sugars, in plants? (A)Epidermis (B) Xylem (C)Phloem (D) Cambium

5. Which statement correctly distinguishes between active and passive transport in plant cells? (A)Active transport does not require energy and moves substances from higher to lower concentration areas. while passive transport requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient. (B) Active transport requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient, while passive transport does not require energy and moves substances from higher to lower concentration areas. (C)Active and passive transport requires energy, but active transport moves substances from lower to higher concentration areas, while passive transport moves substances from higher to lower concentration areas. (D) Active and passive transport are identical processes, with the only difference being the types of substances transported.

7. What is the primary role of an H⁺/sucrose symporter in plant cells? (A)Facilitating the movement of water across the cell membrane (B) Assisting in the transport of sucrose across the cell membrane (C)Pumping protons out of the cell (D) Synthesizing sucrose within the cell

8. How is sucrose transport by an H⁺/sucrose symporter typically energized? (A)Movement of sodium ions (B) Movement of chloride ions (C)Movement of protons (H+ ions) (D) Movement of potassium ions

9. Which part of the chloroplast is primarily responsible for the light reactions of photosynthesis? (A)Stroma (B) Thylakoid membrane (C)Outer membrane (D) Inner membrane

10. What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane during light reactions? (A)Production of glucose (B) Splitting of water molecules (C)Synthesis of ATP and NADPH (D) Fixation of carbon dioxide

11. During light reactions, what is the byproduct of the process that involves the splitting of water molecules? (A)Carbon dioxide (B) Glucose (C)Oxygen (D) NADPH

12. Which enzyme is responsible for carbon dioxide fixation in the Calvin Cycle? (A)Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) (B) ATP synthase (C)NADP reductase (D) Phosphofructokinase