7. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are different in that
(A) Spermatogenesis produces four sperm and oogenesis produces one egg.
(B) Spermatogenesis produces four sperm and oogenesis produces two eggs.
(C)Spermatogenesis produces four cells and oogenesis produces one haploid cell.
(D) Oogenesis begins at the onset of puberty.
(E) Spermatogenesis begins in the embryonic stage of development.

3. A cell secretes a signal molecule that affects neighboring cells. What is the type of signaling?(A) Hormonal signaling. (B)Paracrine signaling. (C) Synaptic signaling. (D) Autocrine signaling. (E) Endocrine signaling.

4. What is the mechanism by which testosterone functions inside a cell? (A) It acts as a signal receptor that activates tyrosine kinases. (B) It binds with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates the expression of specific genes. (C) It cooperates with a membrane receptor to response to drug treatment. (D) It acts as a steroid signal receptor that activates ion channel proteins in the plasma membrane. (E) It coordinates a phosphorylation cascade that reduces spermatogenesis.

5. Please identify which of the following structures is not haploid? (A)sporangium (B) archegonia (C) pollens (D) fungal hyphae (E) ovule

6. What is the correct order of plant evolution? (A) secondary cell wall → independent gametophytes → formation of protected embryo →double fertilization (B) secondary cell wall →multicellular gametophytes → double fertilization → formation of the protected embryo (C) independent gametophytes → secondary cell wall → formation of protected embryo →double fertilization (D)multicellulargameto phytes → secondary cell wall → double fertilization → formation of a protected embryo (E) multicellular gametophytes → formation of protected embryo→ secondary cell wall →double fertilization

8. There is a mutated flower that only contains sepals and petals. According to ABC model for floral development, which type of identity genes is mutated? (A)onlyB(B) only C (C)Aand B(D)Band C (E) A and C

9. The major difference between a typical C4 plant and a C3 plant, is that (A) The C3 plant has a smaller opening of stomata, so that less CO2 can enter the plant. (B) The C4 plant only uses PEP carboxylase to catalyze all carbon fixation. (C) Rubisco in C4 plant has a high binding affinity to CO2 than that in the C3 (D) The carbon fixation rate in C4 plants is always higher than C3 under various growth temperatures. (E) The C4 plant only carries out the Calvin cycle only in the chloroplasts of bundle-sheath cells.

複選題10. Motor proteins require which of the following structures or molecules to function in the movement of chromosomes toward the poles of the mitotic spindle? (A)intact centromeres (B) ATP as an energy source (C) kinetochores (D) a microtubule-organizing center (E) taxol plant.

11. Which of the following amino acids are most frequently phosphorylated by protein kinases in the cytoplasm during signal transduction? (A)tyrosine (B) glycine and histidine (C) serine and threonine (D) glycine and glutamic acid(E) methionine and cysteine

12. Which of these characteristics contributed the most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? (A) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature (B) the shelled, amniotic egg (C) two pairs of appendages (D) four-chambered heart (E) greater speed of locomotion

13. Resting potential is mostly dependent on which two of the following ionchannels?1. Na+/K+ pumps; 2. voltage-gated Nat and K+ channels;3. ligand-gated Nat and K+ channels; 4. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels5. Nat and K+ leak channels (A)1 and 2 (B) 1 and 3(C) 1 and 5(D) 2 and 3(E) 4 and 5