7. The probability of obtaining a dominant phenotype from self-fertilization of a heterozygous individual is
(A) 25%
(B) 50%
(C) 75%
(D) 85%
(E) 100%

8. Polydactyly is a dominant trait that results in extra fingers and toes in humans. A man with polydactyly marries a woman with 10 fingers and toes. They have a child that has a normal number of digits. The phenotype of the man's father is unknown, but his mother has a normal phenotype. What are the genotypes of the married couple? (D= polydactyl allele；d = wild type allele) (A) woman Dd, man dd (B) woman DD, man dd (C) woman dd, man DD (D) woman dd, man Dd (E) woman DD, man Dd or dd

9. Polyploidy in plants(A) is very common.(B) allows for adaptation to diverse environments.(C) may alter the levels of gene expression.(D) allows humans to create plants with unusual flowers.(E) All of these statements are true regarding polyploidy in plants.

10. In mitosis, the main difference between plant and animal cells is that (A) plants do not undergo cytokinesis. (B) plants produce a cell plate to segregate the daughter nuclei, while animals form a cleavage furrow. (C) plants have a central vacuole, while animal cells do not. (D) plants produce a cell membrane in cytokinesis, while animals form a cell plate. (E) in plants, kinetochore microtubules shorten and draw chromosomes toward the poles； in animals, polar microtubules lengthen to push chromatids apart.

11. A species that has three sets of homologous chromosomes can have up to________different combinations of chromosomes in the gametes. (A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 27 (E) 64

12. Chromosomes are replicated during the________ phase.(A) G1(B) G2(C) S(D) M(E) meta-

13. Humans have ________different types of autosomes.(A) 46(B) 44(C) 23(D) 22(E) 11

14. When cancer cells have the ability to migrate to other parts of the body, they are said to be (A) invasive. (B) benign. (C) metastatic. (D) oncogenic. (E) genetic.

15. A mutation causes a gene to become overactive, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth. Which term best describes this gene? (A) tumor-suppressor gene (B) oncogene (C) spliced gene (D) alternatively spliced gene (E) malignant gene

16. The likely outcome from a mutation in the lacO site (lac Operator) of the lac operon would be (A) binding of RNA polymerase could be hindered. (B) binding of a repressor protein could be hindered. (C) binding of the activator protein could be hindered. (D) duplication could be affected. (E) the order in which the genes of the lac operon are transcribed could be altered.

17. How many distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases does each cell make?(A) ~1(B) ~20(C) ~60(D) ~120(Ε)~180

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