7. Which of the following statements correctly describes osmosis?
(A) Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells.
(B) Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process.
(C) In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
(D) In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration. 

8. If the adrenal cortex were surgically removed, an increase in the plasma levels of_____ would likely be observed. (A) glucocorticoid hormones (B) epinephrine (C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (D) acetylcholine

9. Researchers cultured embryonic liver cells on a synthetic surface that lacked extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Although growth factors were present, the cells failed to activate several genes normally expressed during liver development. Which type of membrane protein is most likely required for transmitting signals from the ECM to the nucleus? (A) Integrins (B) Fibronectins (C) Actin microfilaments (D) Receptor tyrosine kinases

10. Which of the following processes generally requires protein phosphorylation? (A) Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (B) Activation of steroid hormone receptors (C) Activation of G protein-coupled receptors (D) Activation ligand-gated ion channels

11. Under high light conditions, a plant mutant exhibits a higher ATP/NADPH ratio than wild-type plants while maintaining similar rates of oxygen evolution. Which process is most likely enhanced in the mutant? (A) Water oxidation at photosystem II (B) Reduction of NADP+ by ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (C) Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (D) Carbon fixation by Rubisco

12. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected if a thylakoid membrane is punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma? (A) Splitting of water (B) Flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I (C) Synthesis of ATP (D) Reduction of NADP+

13. A cell is treated with a drug that prevents kinetochore microtubules from attaching to chromosomes. Which stage of mitosis would most likely be disrupted? (A) DNA replication during S phase (B) Alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate (C) Cytokinesis (D) Chromosome condensation during prophase

14. A population of actively dividing cells is analyzed by flow cytometry. One group of cells contains twice as much DNA as another group. The cells with the higher DNA content are most likely in: (A) G1 only (B) G2 (C) G0 only (D) Cytokinesis only

15. A physician finds that a nine-year-old male patient is entering puberty much earlier than usual. Such a condition is most likely the result of a tumor in the_____ .(A) hypothalamus, producing elevated levels of testosterone (B) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of testosterone (C) testes, producing elevated levels of estrogen (D) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of gonadotropins

16. Nucleotides can be radiolabeled before they are incorporated into newly forming DNA and, therefore, can be assayed to track their incorporation. In a set of experiments, a student-faculty research team used labeled T nucleotides to study the incorporation of labeled nucleotides into a culture of lymphocytes. They found that the lymphocytes incorporated the labeled nucleotide at a significantly higher level after a pathogen was introduced into the culture. What might they conclude from this observation? (A) The pathogen consumed radiolabeled nucleotides. (B) Infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly. (C) Infection causes lymphocytes to increase in size. (D) Infection causes lymphocyte cultures to skip some parts of the cell cycle.

17. Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I? (A) Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome. (B) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere. (C) Each chromosome consists of a single strand of DNA. (D) Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex.

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