8. Which description about cyclic AMP (cAMP) is FALSE?
(A) It is formed from ATP by phosphodiesterase.
(B) It activates protein kinase A.
(C) It regulates the activity of synaptic ion channels.
(D) It regulates the expression of LacZ (ß-galactosidase) in E. coli.
(E) None of the above

4. Which description about the status of action potential of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels is FALSE? (A) resting state: both Na+ and K+ channels close (B) depolarization: some Na+ channels open and K+ channels close (C) rising phase of action potential: both Na+ and K+ channels open (D) falling phase of action potential: Na+ channels close and K+ channels open (E) None of the above

5. In vertebrates with four-chambered hearts, the ______ receives oxygenated blood directly from the ______. (A) right ventricle, lungs (B) right ventricle, right atrium (C) left atrium, left ventricle (D) left ventricle, left atrium (E) left ventricle, lungs

6. Which description about the endocrine system is FALSE? (A) Epinephrine synthesized from tyrosine is secreted from adrenal medulla. (B) Posterior pituitary synthesizes and secrets antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. (C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood Ca2+ level by stimulating kidneys and bones. (D) Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose and suppress immune system in long-term stress response. (E) None of the above

7. Which description about digestive system is FALSE? (A) Pantothenic acid, a component of coenzyme A, causes fatigue in deficiency. (B) Magnesium, an enzyme cofactor, causes nervous system disturbance in deficiency. (C) Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the release of enzyme from pancreas. (D) Leptin, produced by adipose tissue, stimulates appetite. (E) None of the above

9. Which ion in plants is NOT matched with its function? (A) Zn2+ -- water balance (B) K+ -- stomata operation (C) Fe3+ -- chlorophyll synthesis (D) Mg2+ -- component of the chlorophyll (E) None of the above

10. Which one is NOT a common model organism in developmental genetics? (A) Mus musculus (B) Caenorhabditis elegans (C) Cinnamomum camphora (D) Arabidopsis thaliana (E) None of the above

11. During the local inflammatory response, what chemical is released by mast cells that increase capillary permeability? (A) proteases (B) heparin (C) histamine (D) IgE (E) complement

12. If the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was removed from the cell, which of the following processes would be mostly affected? (A) protein synthesis (B) packaging proteins (C) secreting proteins (D) lipid synthesis (E) transporting proteins

13. Blockage of the common bile duct would affect ______. (A) starch digestion (B) cellulose digestion (C) lipid digestion (D) protein digestion (E) nucleotide digestion

14. Which bone belongs to the appendicular skeleton? (A) skull (B) vertebral column (C) rib cage (D) femur (E) sternum