9. Increases in leptin levels will ______ appetite and ______ metabolic rate.
(A) decrease, decrease
(B) decrease, increase
(C) increase, decrease
(D) increase, increase
(E) decrease, not change

54. Which of the following descriptions regarding appetite control of animal is correct? (A) Ghrelin is produced by small intestine. (B) Leptin triggers the feelings of hunger. (C) Insulin suppresses appetite by acting on intestine directly. (D) PYY acts as appetite suppressant. (E) None of the above.

49. Which of the following hormones is produced by adipose cells that helps to control appetite? (A) Insulin (B) Neuropeptide Y (C) Glucagon (D) Leptin (E) Ghrelin

7. Which description about digestive system is FALSE? (A) Pantothenic acid, a component of coenzyme A, causes fatigue in deficiency. (B) Magnesium, an enzyme cofactor, causes nervous system disturbance in deficiency. (C) Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the release of enzyme from pancreas. (D) Leptin, produced by adipose tissue, stimulates appetite. (E) None of the above

55. Which of the following statements about the molecules of appetite regulation is FALSE? (A) Hormone ghrelin is secreted by stomach to trigger feelings of hunger. (B) Hormone insulin is secreted by pancreas to suppress appetite by brain. (C) Hormone leptin is secreted by adipose to suppress appetite. (D) Hormone PYY is secreted by small intestine to suppress appetite. (E) Hormone syndecan is secreted by hypothalamus to trigger appetite.

10. Humans cannot survive at sea by drinking salt water. However, marine vertebrates such as sea turtles and various sea birds can survive by drinking salt water. What do they have that humans do not? (A) Salt glands. (B) They use ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste. (C) Kidneys are extremely good at producing concentrated urine. (D) Body fluid concentrations are similar to or greater than those of seawater. (E) The ability to secrete salts and wastes into their intestinal contents like an insect. 

11. Otto Loewi performed an experiment in which he electrically stimulated the vagus nerve connected to one frog heart. Loewi also let the fluid bathing this first heart pass to a second chamber containing a second frog heart not connected to a nerve. What did Loewi observe? (A) There was no effect on the beating of either heart. (B) The first heart showed a decrease in beat rate and so did the second heart. (C) The first heart showed an increase in beat rate and so did the second heart. (D) The first heart showed a decrease in beat rate, but there was no change in the second heart. (E) The first heart showed an increase in beat rate, but there was no change in the second heart.

12. All of the following are primary functions of flowers EXCEPT: (A) meiosis (B) photosynthesis (C) egg production (D) pollen production (E) sexual reproduction

13. The series of metabolic events that occurs within tomato plants in response to wounding is ______. (A) a waterfall effect (B) the hypersensitive response (C) resistance to coevolution (D) a systemic response (E) a pathogen-specific response

14. The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ______. (A) flagellated protest (B) unicellular yeast (C) unicellular chytrid (D) multicellular algae (E) multicellular fungus

15. Fire suppression by humans: (A) can change the species composition within biological communities. (B) will always result in an increase in species diversity in a given biome. (C) is necessary for the protection of threatened and endangered forest species. (D) will result ultimately in sustainable production of increased amounts of forest products for human use. (E) is a management goal of conservation biologists to maintain the healthy condition of forest communities.

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