⑴ The ‘crew negligence’ and ‘faulty navigation’ are both long standing and acceptable defences acknowledged by the courts. On the other hand, lack of due diligence on the part of owners is not.

三、HULL INSPECTION The surveyor should inspect all accessible parts of the hull and if he has any doubts about the sections he cannot reach, he should arrange for a ladder or a mechanical hoist so that these areas can be properly inspected. If the vessel is over ten years old, it may also be beneficial to do ultra sound thickness tests on portions of the deck to verify the plate thickness. Areas that should be inspected include: a. External and internal shell plating (where visible) b. Decks, deck houses, superstructures and bulwarks/rails c. Hatch coaming, hatches (including seals and securing devices) d. Hold ladders, gangways and catwalks e. Hold and deck lighting f. All pipes (above and below deck) g. Ventilators, manholes and watertight doors h. All holds/cargo tanks paying particular attention to beams and frames, bulkheads i. Tanktops j. Bilges and bilge suctions k. Double bottoms and peak tanks （20 分）

題組內容

⑴ The ‘crew negligence’ and ‘faulty navigation’ are both long standing and acceptable defences acknowledged by the courts. On the other hand, lack of due diligence on the part of owners is not.

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