(a) What is this sequence?

(1) specificity,

(2) thermostability,

(3) fidelity and

(4) processivity. 

42. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) is an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics. NDM-1 gene was first detected in a Klebsiella pneumoniae (a type of bacteria). Later scientists found that the gene can spread from one strain of bacteria to another, such as Escherichia coli, by a mechanism known as "horizontal gene transfer". Notably, gene delivery can be seen as an artificial horizontal gene transfer, and is a form of genetic engineering. Please give an example of artificial gene delivery and explain how the gene is transferred from one to another organism. 

43. About the role of transposable P elements in hybrid dysgenesis, please describe the mechanism of P elements transposition can result in dysgenesis and why P male × M female crosses are infertile in Drosophila?

44. Please briefly describe two major roles of the eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II Carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) in gene expression.

(b) What are "Compatible Cohesive Ends" used in the DNA cloning?

45. Please at least list two enzymes that are involved in RNA editing.

44. Please describe the positive and negative regulation of lac operon.

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