2. How do we know that mRNAs are read in the 5'→ 3' direction? 

二、問答題1. Draw a diagram of the scanning model of translation initiation. Present evidence that a scanning ribosome can bypass an AUG and initiate at a downstream AUG. 

三、翻譯題The template strand of the DNA is copied during transcription, and its sequence is the complement of the RNA transcript. The coding strand of the DNA has the same sequence as the RNA transcript (except for T in the DNA and U in the RNA). Hence, for example, the start codon for transcription is 5'-ATG in the coding strand of the DNA and 5'-AUG in the mRNA. By convention, gene, promoter, and regulatory sequences in DNA are written as they appear in the coding strand. 

45. Please at least list two enzymes that are involved in RNA editing.

44. Please describe the positive and negative regulation of lac operon.

43. Please explain the Wobble concept.

42. Please describe the molecular process (including all the molecules involved) of homologousrecombination in E. coli.

41. Please illustrate and describe the "base excision repair" mechanism in E.coli.

40. List at least two functions for the cap structure of the mRNA.

39. Explain the Kozak's rule for translation and its biological function.

38. The RNA component that is responsible for the 5' end processing of tRNA.

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