2. Registered Permanent Residence

3. Transnational Human Trafficking

4. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

5. Critical I nfrastructure P rotection

6. Hu man S muggling

7. National Immigration Agency

8. V isa exempt Entry

9. S takeholder

10. B urden of P roof

二、Translation       Evidence indicates that states around the world have toughened their immigration policies by increasing criminalization of irregular migration, intensifying border controls, and externalizing migration control policies. As a consequence, breaches of migration law are increasingly treated as criminal rather than administrative offences causing a depreciation of migrants' enjoyment of essential legal safeguards and human rights protections. Contrary to acting as a deterrent for migration flows, harsh policies of interception and detention often further push migrants to take unsafe and irregular routes in the hands of smugglers or traffickers.

三、Reading Comprehension       Police departments have placed a great emphasis on reducing response time in the belief that it would increase the probability of arrest. However, several studies found that rapid response had little effect on clearance rates. Only about 3 percent of crimes are reported while in progress； thus rapid response to most calls does not increase the probability of arrest. The problem is that police departments have no control over two key elements between the time a crime is committed and the time a police officer arrives on the scene: the interval between the commission of a crime and the time it is discovered； and the interval between discovery and the time the citizen calls the police. Most crimes are discovered after the fact, and even in the most “involvement” crimes – i.e., where the victim is present (e.g., assault) – there is some delay between victimization and the subsequent call to the police. Question 1: According the above article, reducing response time can make the police increase arrest rates or not? Describe the reason in English. Question 2: According the above article, what is the meaning of “Most crimes are discovered after the fact”? Describe your opinion in English. 

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