3. Please describe the mechanisms of hypotension induced by spinal blockade with local anesthetics, and how to treat? (20%)

5. A 20-year-old male with a history of having taken NSAIDs for one week suddenly developed severe abdominal pain after dinner. In the emergency service, he was found to have diffuse abdominal tenderness and pain. What is the most probable cause? How would you approach to get the definite diagnosis and how would you treat? (20%)

3. Please describe the mechanisms of hypotension induced by spinal blockade with local anesthetics, and how to treat? (20%)

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