5. The Earth is 1.49 × 10¹¹ meters from the Sun. If the solar radiation at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is 1340 W/m², what is the total power output of the Sun?

第二部分：簡答題 1. A 50-gram sample of dry ice (solid CO₂) is placed in a 4-liter container. The system is sealed and allowed to reach room temperature (20°C). By approximately how much does the pressure inside the container increase when the dry ice turns to gas? (Ignore the initial volume of the sample.)

2. A hydrogen atom emits a photon of wavelength 657.7 nm. From what energy state did the electron jump?

3. Two spaceships traveling in opposite directions along parallel lines measure their own and the other spaceship's length while passing one another. The crew on spaceship A says that their ship is 1000 m long and that ship B is 800 m long. The crew on ship B says that their ship is 1000 m long and that ship A is 800 m long. At what speed does each crew say that the other ship is traveling relative to their own ship?

4. The "seeing ability" or resolution of radiation is determined by its wavelength. If an atom is approximately 10⁻¹⁰ m in diameter, how fast must an electron travel to have a wavelength smaller than the size of an atom?

6. How much energy is dissipated as heat during a two-minute time interval by a 1.5-kΩ resistor which has a constant 20-V potential difference across its leads?

7. A segment of wire carries a current of 25 A along the x axis from x = −2.0 m to x = 0, and then along the z axis from z = 0 to z = 3.0 m. In this region of space, the magnetic field is equal to 40 mT in the positive z direction. What is the magnitude of the force on this segment of wire?

8. A hoop, a solid cylinder, and a solid sphere all have the same mass m and the same radius R. Each is mounted to oscillate about an axis a distance 0.5R from the center. The axis is perpendicular to the circular plane of the hoop and the cylinder and to an equatorial plane of the sphere as shown below. Which is the correct ranking in order of increasing angular frequency ω (from highest to lowest)?

8. A torsional pendulum consists of a solid disk (mass = 2.0 kg, radius = 1.0 m) suspended by a wire attached to a rigid support. The body oscillates about the support wire. If the torsion constant is 16 N·m/rad. What is the angular frequency (in rad/s)?

7. A straight wire of length L carries a current I in the positive z direction in a region where the magnetic field is uniform and specified by Bx = 3B, By = −2B, and Bz = B, where B is a constant. What is the magnitude of the magnetic force on the wire?

6. A high-voltage transmission line carries 1000 A at 700 kV for a distance of 100 miles. If the resistance per length in the wire is 0.5 Ω/mile, what is the power loss due to resistive losses?

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